シャドーイング練習: Introduction to neural cell types | Organ Systems | MCAT | Khan Academy - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ
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45 文
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In this video, I want to introduce the different types of neural cells.
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The word neural, or the prefix neuro, just refers to the nervous system, so that neural cells are cells of the nervous system.
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Neural cells work with all the other cell types of the
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body to produce the amazing range of functions of the nervous system, including consciousness, social interactions, cognition,
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emotion, movement, sensory perception, and regulation of other functions such as circulation, respiration, and digestion.
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Neural cells are divided into two big categories.
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The first are neurons, which were traditionally called nerve cells.
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And the second are glia.
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Now these can also be called neuroglia or glial cells.
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That all means the same thing.
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Neurons are named from a Greek word for nerve, while glia are named from a Greek word for glue because they are once thought to do little except glue neurons together.
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The structure of the nervous system is divided into two main parts.
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The first part is mainly made up of the brain in the head and the spinal cord in the spine.
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And this part of the nervous system is called the central nervous system.
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The other part of the nervous system is called the peripheral nervous system.
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And that's made up mostly of nerves, these long stringy structures that come out of the brain and the spinal cord.
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And they go all over the body, like down into the arms and down into the legs and into every part of the body.
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And we'll cover a lot more detail about neuroanatomy in other videos, but I just need to bring up the central
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and peripheral nervous system because the neural cells are divided up differently amongst the different systems.
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Calling neurons nerve cells is a little problematic
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because these structures in the peripheral nervous system called nerves are made up of neurons, but they also contain glial cells,
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and they contain a number of other cells that aren't neural cells at all.
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However, you'll often hear people refer to neurons as nerve cells because that was the traditional name for them.
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Neurons are found both in the central nervous system, the brain and the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, in the nerves.
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But the different types of glial cells are found only in one or the other.
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Most neural cells are derived from populations of cells called neural stem cells or neural crest cells.
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And both of those cell types arise early in development in the part of the embryo called the ectoderm.
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Most neurons in glia found in the central nervous system are derived from neural stem cells,
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while most neurons in glia found in the peripheral nervous system are derived from neural crest cells.
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Now we'll go into a lot more detail about what neural stem cells are
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and neural crest cells in other videos when we cover development of the nervous system.
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Most types of both neurons and glia share some structural features of the way their cell is shaped.
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Most of them have a main part to their cell called the soma, or the cell body, that contains the nucleus and most of the organelles.
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Coming out of the soma, most of these cell types have processes, long, thin extensions that come out of the soma.
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And the processes of the different neural cells vary in number and in length and thickness and degree of branching, because some of them will be unbranched,
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and some of them will have processes that branch, sometimes a little and sometimes a lot.
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They will also vary a lot in the terminal structures at the end of their processes
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and the function of these structures and the processes.
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The function of neurons is to process and transmit information, and the function of glia is to support them in a variety of ways.
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There are many structural and functional types of both the neurons and the glia, And there are large numbers of these cells making up the nervous system.
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There are billions of neurons that form trillions of connections in the adult human nervous system.
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And there are even more glia than there are neurons.
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In subsequent videos, we'll go over the most common glia, which are astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
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There are also less common glia, such as satellite cells and olfactory and sheathing cells.
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But we'll just go over the most common types here.
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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント
この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が45文、単語が742語あります。 音声の長さは4:10です。 話す速さは1分あたり約178語で、日常会話に近い自然なペースです。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は77%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。
この動画の重要語彙
動画に出てくる覚えておきたい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。
| 単語 | 発音 | 意味 |
|---|---|---|
| nerve 名詞 | /nɝv/ | 神経 |
| divide 動詞 | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | 分割する, 分ける |
| cord 名詞 | /ˈkoɹd/ | 縄 |
| crest 名詞 | /kɹɛst/ | とさか |
| refer 動詞 | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | 問い合わせる |
| glue 名詞 | /ɡlu/ | 膠, 接着剤 |
| thin 形容詞 | /ˈθɪn/ | 薄い, 細い |
| extension 名詞 | /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/ | 拡張, 拡大 |
| regulation 名詞 | /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ | 規制 |
| introduce 動詞 | /ˌɪntɹəˈdus/ | 紹介する, 引き合わせる |
| satellite 名詞 | /ˈsætəlaɪ̯t/ | 衛星 |
| terminal 名詞 | /ˈtɚmɪnəl/ | ターミナル, エアターミナル |
| interaction 名詞 | /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/ | 相互作用 |
| functional 形容詞 | /ˈfʌŋkt͡ʃənəl/ | 機能の, 機能する |
| emotion 名詞 | /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ | 感情, 心緒 |
動画に出てくる句動詞
| 単語 | 意味 |
|---|---|
| bring up 動詞 | 育てる |
注意したい発音
話し手はwe'll, aren't, you'llなど、短縮形や弱形を6回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。
- 「th」の音: thin /ˈθɪn/, thickness /ˈθɪknəs/, sheath /ʃiθ/
- 「sh」と「zh」の音: structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, extension /ɪkˈstɛnʃən/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/
- 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: peripheral /pəˈɹɪf(ə)ɹ(ə)l/, regulation /ˌɹɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/, interaction /ˌɪn.təˈɹæk.ʃən/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/
この動画での練習方法
- まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
- まず0.75倍速で一文ずつシャドーイングし、慣れてきたら通常の速度に戻します。
- 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。nerve, divide, cordなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。
この動画の文法
話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。
| 文型 | 動画での表現 |
|---|---|
| 受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てる | are divided · be called · are named |
| 関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加える | neurons, which were · glia, which are |
シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由
シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。