Prática de Shadowing: Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Hi, I'm Kathy with Level Up RN.
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In this video, I'm going to begin my coverage of topics from the Acellular Infectious Agents section of our Microbiology Flashcard deck.
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Specifically, I'll be talking about viruses, including key characteristics of viruses, virus components, and virus shapes.
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I've included a quiz at the end of the video to test your knowledge on some of the key facts
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I'll be covering, so definitely stay tuned for that.
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And if you have our Level Up RN microbiology flashcards, go ahead and pull out your flashcards on viruses
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so you can follow along with me
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and pay close attention to the bold red text on the back of the cards
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because those are the things that you are likely to get tested on in your micro class.
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Viruses are acellular pathogens.
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This means that they are not composed of cells and do not contain cells.
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Viruses require a host cell in order to survive.
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They basically hijack the host cell's machinery to reproduce, synthesize viral proteins, and assemble virus components.
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This makes them obligate intracellular parasites.
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Viruses come in a variety of sizes, but in general, they are very small, usually between 20 and 900 nanometers in length.
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Each virus has a host range, which is the range of species and cell types that the virus can infect.
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So for example, a bacteriophage is a virus that only infects bacterial cells.
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They do not infect human cells.
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A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that infects a bacterial cell and causes the cell to lice or burst,
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which results in cell death.
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Whereas a temperate phage integrates its genetic material into the host cell's chromosome,
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and that genetic material is replicated when the host cell replicates.
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So in the next video, in this video playlist, we will go into detail about the different ways that a bacteriophage can replicate.
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Of note, when you see the term virion, that is referring to a virus particle that is outside the host cell.
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So it's basically the extracellular form of a virus that is capable of infecting a new host.
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Let's now talk about the different components that make up a virus.
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So each virus will contain genetic material.
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This may be DNA or RNA, but not both.
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And then in addition to the DNA or RNA, each virus will have a capsid,
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which is a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material.
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The capsid is made up of capsimeres, which are protein subunits that interlock to form the capsid.
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Many viruses also have an envelope, which is a phospholipid membrane that surrounds the virus.
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This envelope is derived from the host cell when the virus pinches off from the host cell during a process called budding.
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A virus that lacks an envelope is referred to as a non -enveloped virus or a naked virus.
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Some viruses also have spikes, which are protein structures that extend outward and away from the virus.
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These spikes allow the virus to more effectively attach to the host cell, enter the cell, and cause infection.
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So viruses that have spikes tend to be more virulent.
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An example of a virus that has spikes is the coronavirus, which causes COVID -19.
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Now let's talk about key virus shapes, which include a helical shape, a polyhedral shape, and a complex shape.
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A virus with a helical shape has a cylindrical
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or rod -shaped capsid with the viral nucleic acid poiled up inside the capsid.
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An example of a virus with a helical shape is the tobacco mosaic virus.
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A virus with a polyhedral shape has a nucleic acid surrounded by a multi -sided capsid.
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An example of a virus with a polyhedral shape is the adenovirus.
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An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular sides,
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which makes the virus appear spherical in shape.
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An example of a virus with an icosahedral shape is the poliovirus.
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And of note, helical viruses and polyhedral viruses may also have an envelope.
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Lastly, some viruses will have a complex shape, which includes features of both helical and polyhedral viruses.
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The most common example of a virus with a complex shape is a bacteriophage.
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So as you can see in the image, the head of the bacteriophage has a polyhedral shape,
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whereas the tail of the bacteriophage has a helical shape.
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All right, it's quiz time, and I have five questions for you.
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Question number one, what do you call the protein coat that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid of a virus?
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The answer is the capsid.
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Number two, what do you call the protein subunits that make up a capsid?
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The answer is capsomeres.
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Number three, what is a naked virus?
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The answer is a virus that lacks an envelope.
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Number four, what viral shape is shown here?
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The answer is helical.
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And number five, what do you call a complete virus particle outside the host cell?
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The answer is a virion.
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All right, that's it for this video.
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I hope you found it to be helpful.
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If so, be sure to hit that like button.
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Take care and good luck with studying!
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med”. As palavras que mais se repetem: virus, shape, cell, viruses, host. Este vídeo tem 17 frases e 891 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:43. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 133 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 69% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente. 5 das 17 frases são perguntas, por isso é um bom treino para a entonação de perguntas e respostas curtas.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| virus substantivo | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | vírus |
| envelope substantivo | /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/ | envelope |
| genetic adjetivo | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | genético |
| spike substantivo | /spaɪk/ | espinho, cravo |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | contornar, cercar |
| acid substantivo | /ˈæsɪd/ | ácido |
| component substantivo | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | componente |
| viral adjetivo | /ˈvaɪɹəl/ | viral |
| replicate verbo | /ˈɹɛplɪkeɪt/ | replicar |
| refer verbo | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | encaminhar |
| helpful adjetivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | prestável, útil |
| naked adjetivo | /ˈneɪkɪd/ | nu, pelado |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | enquanto, ao passo que |
| coat substantivo | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | casaco, agasalho |
| particle substantivo | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | partícula |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | compensar |
| go ahead verbo | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | vai em frente |
| pull out verbo | retirar, retirar-se |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | are not composed · is replicated · is made |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | range, which is · capsimeres, which are · envelope, which is |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 5 contrações e formas reduzidas, como I'll, I'm, I've. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/, microbiology /ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/, adenovirus /əˈdɛnəʊˌvaɪɹəs/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: envelope /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/, spike /spaɪk/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, acid /ˈæsɪd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: viral /ˈvaɪɹəl/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, bacterial [bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ], tail /ˈteɪ̯l/, coil /kɔɪl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, helical /ˈhɛl.ɪ.kəl/, hijack /ˈhaɪ.d͡ʒæk/, icosahedral /(ˌ)aɪˌkoʊsəˈhiːdɹəl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como virus, envelope, genetic.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.