Prática de Shadowing: Structure and Function of a Prokaryotic Cell (Bacteria) - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Today we are going to take a closer look at the structure and function of a prokaryotic cell.
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Prokaryotic cells are the simplest and smallest living organisms.
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They are estimated to have been on earth for 3 .5 billion years.
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Prokaryotes can be divided into bacteria and archaea.
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Prokaryotes are found in many different environments, including soil, water and the human body.
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The structure of a typical prokaryotic cell consists of several components.
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Firstly, many bacteria have an outermost layer of carbohydrates that is called the capsule.
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The capsule is sticky and helps the cell attach to surfaces in its environment.
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Also, prokaryotes possess a cell wall surrounding the cell.
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The cell wall provides structural support and protection for the cell.
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The composition of the cell wall can vary between different types of prokaryotic cells, but it is typically made up of peptidoglycan,
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a complex polymer of sugars and amino acids.
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Next, the inner of the cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane
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that acts as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the external environment.
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The plasma membrane is made up of lipids and proteins and is selectively permeable, meaning that only certain molecules can pass through it.
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Inside the cell there is a region called the cytoplasm.
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The cytoplasm is a gel -like substance that contains all of the cell's components and is site of many cellular processes.
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Not all, but many prokaryotes possess flagella.
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A flagellum is a long whip -like structure that allows the cell to move through liquid environments.
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Again, not all, but some prokaryotic cells have appendages such as pili.
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Pili, also known as fimbriae, are short hair -like structures that help the cell attach to surfaces or other cells.
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This attachment is important for several bacterial processes, including colonization, biofilm formation and infection.
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Prokaryotic cells have a circular piece of DNA called the nucleoid.
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The nucleoid contains all the genetic information of the cell and is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane like in eukaryotic cells.
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In addition to the nucleoid, prokaryotic cells may also contain plasmids, small circular pieces of DNA that can be transferred between cells.
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One of the most important organelles in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell is the ribosome.
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Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing proteins which are the building blocks of life.
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Despite their simplicity, prokaryotic cells are capable of carrying out all of the necessary functions of life,
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from growth and reproduction to responding to environmental stimuli.
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Please also do check out these videos here and don't forget to like the video if it was helpful to you.
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Thanks for watching.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Structure and Function of a Prokaryotic Cell”. As palavras que mais se repetem: cell, prokaryotic, prokaryotes, structure, environment. Este vídeo tem 32 frases e 453 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 3:12. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 142 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 74% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| membrane substantivo | /ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/ | membrana |
| surround verbo | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | contornar, cercar |
| component substantivo | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | componente |
| possess verbo | /pəˈzɛs/ | possuir, ter |
| circular adjetivo | /ˈsɜɹ.kjə.ləɹ/ | circular |
| plasma substantivo | /ˈplæzmə/ | plasma |
| attach verbo | /əˈtæt͡ʃ/ | anexar |
| capsule substantivo | /ˈkæps(ə)l/ | cápsula |
| acid substantivo | /ˈæsɪd/ | ácido |
| helpful adjetivo | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | prestável, útil |
| soil substantivo | /sɔɪl/ | solo |
| layer substantivo | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | camada |
| liquid substantivo | /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ | líquido |
| genetic adjetivo | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | genético |
| composition substantivo | /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/ | composição |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| carry out verbo | /ˈkæ.ɹi aʊt/ | carregar |
| check out verbo | verificar, sacar só |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, reproduction /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/, colonization /kɔlənɪˈzɛjʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: composition /ˌkɑm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/, reproduction /ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/, simplicity /sɪmˈplɪsɪti/, organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, prokaryote /pɹoʊˈkæɹi.oʊt/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, component /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/, acid /ˈæsɪd/, liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/, genetic /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: capsule /ˈkæps(ə)l/, soil /sɔɪl/, structural /ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/, bacterial [bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ], molecule /ˈmɑ.lɪ.kjul/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, carbohydrate /kɑɹboʊˈhaɪdɹeɪt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como membrane, surround, component.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.