쉐도잉 연습: Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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Hi, I'm Kathy with Level Up RN.
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In this video, I'm going to begin my coverage of topics from the Acellular Infectious Agents section of our Microbiology Flashcard deck.
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Specifically, I'll be talking about viruses, including key characteristics of viruses, virus components, and virus shapes.
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I've included a quiz at the end of the video to test your knowledge on some of the key facts
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I'll be covering, so definitely stay tuned for that.
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And if you have our Level Up RN microbiology flashcards, go ahead and pull out your flashcards on viruses
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so you can follow along with me
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and pay close attention to the bold red text on the back of the cards
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because those are the things that you are likely to get tested on in your micro class.
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Viruses are acellular pathogens.
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This means that they are not composed of cells and do not contain cells.
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Viruses require a host cell in order to survive.
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They basically hijack the host cell's machinery to reproduce, synthesize viral proteins, and assemble virus components.
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This makes them obligate intracellular parasites.
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Viruses come in a variety of sizes, but in general, they are very small, usually between 20 and 900 nanometers in length.
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Each virus has a host range, which is the range of species and cell types that the virus can infect.
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So for example, a bacteriophage is a virus that only infects bacterial cells.
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They do not infect human cells.
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A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that infects a bacterial cell and causes the cell to lice or burst,
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which results in cell death.
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Whereas a temperate phage integrates its genetic material into the host cell's chromosome,
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and that genetic material is replicated when the host cell replicates.
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So in the next video, in this video playlist, we will go into detail about the different ways that a bacteriophage can replicate.
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Of note, when you see the term virion, that is referring to a virus particle that is outside the host cell.
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So it's basically the extracellular form of a virus that is capable of infecting a new host.
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Let's now talk about the different components that make up a virus.
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So each virus will contain genetic material.
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This may be DNA or RNA, but not both.
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And then in addition to the DNA or RNA, each virus will have a capsid,
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which is a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material.
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The capsid is made up of capsimeres, which are protein subunits that interlock to form the capsid.
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Many viruses also have an envelope, which is a phospholipid membrane that surrounds the virus.
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This envelope is derived from the host cell when the virus pinches off from the host cell during a process called budding.
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A virus that lacks an envelope is referred to as a non -enveloped virus or a naked virus.
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Some viruses also have spikes, which are protein structures that extend outward and away from the virus.
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These spikes allow the virus to more effectively attach to the host cell, enter the cell, and cause infection.
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So viruses that have spikes tend to be more virulent.
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An example of a virus that has spikes is the coronavirus, which causes COVID -19.
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Now let's talk about key virus shapes, which include a helical shape, a polyhedral shape, and a complex shape.
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A virus with a helical shape has a cylindrical
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or rod -shaped capsid with the viral nucleic acid poiled up inside the capsid.
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An example of a virus with a helical shape is the tobacco mosaic virus.
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A virus with a polyhedral shape has a nucleic acid surrounded by a multi -sided capsid.
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An example of a virus with a polyhedral shape is the adenovirus.
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An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular sides,
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which makes the virus appear spherical in shape.
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An example of a virus with an icosahedral shape is the poliovirus.
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And of note, helical viruses and polyhedral viruses may also have an envelope.
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Lastly, some viruses will have a complex shape, which includes features of both helical and polyhedral viruses.
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The most common example of a virus with a complex shape is a bacteriophage.
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So as you can see in the image, the head of the bacteriophage has a polyhedral shape,
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whereas the tail of the bacteriophage has a helical shape.
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All right, it's quiz time, and I have five questions for you.
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Question number one, what do you call the protein coat that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid of a virus?
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The answer is the capsid.
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Number two, what do you call the protein subunits that make up a capsid?
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The answer is capsomeres.
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Number three, what is a naked virus?
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The answer is a virus that lacks an envelope.
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Number four, what viral shape is shown here?
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The answer is helical.
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And number five, what do you call a complete virus particle outside the host cell?
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The answer is a virion.
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All right, that's it for this video.
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I hope you found it to be helpful.
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If so, be sure to hit that like button.
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Take care and good luck with studying!
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: virus, shape, cell, viruses, host. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 17개와 단어 891개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 6:43입니다. 화자는 분당 약 133단어의 일정한 속도로 말해서 섀도잉하기에 편한 속도입니다. 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속하는 단어가 69%뿐이라 어휘가 어려운 편입니다. 전체 17문장 중 5문장이 질문이어서 의문문 억양과 짧은 대답을 연습하기에 좋습니다.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| virus 명사 | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | 바이러스, 병독 |
| envelope 명사 | /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/ | 봉투 |
| acid 명사 | /ˈæsɪd/ | 산 |
| component 명사 | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | 부분 |
| viral 형용사 | /ˈvaɪɹəl/ | 바이러스의, 바이러스성 |
| refer 동사 | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | 언급하다 |
| naked 형용사 | /ˈneɪkɪd/ | 벌거벗은, 벌거벗다 |
| coat 명사 | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | 코트, 외투 |
| particle 명사 | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | 입자, 립자 |
| quiz 명사 | /kwɪz/ | 퀴즈 |
| topic 명사 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 화제, 주제 |
| deck 명사 | /ˈdɛk/ | 갑판 |
| nurse 명사 | /nɝs/ | 간호원, 간호사 |
| tail 명사 | /ˈteɪ̯l/ | 꼬리 |
| infection 명사 | /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/ | 감염, 전염 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 뜻 |
|---|---|
| pull out 동사 | 회수(回收)하다 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | are not composed · is replicated · is made |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | range, which is · capsimeres, which are · envelope, which is |
주의할 발음
화자는 I'll, I'm, I've 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 5번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “th” 소리: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/, microbiology /ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/, adenovirus /əˈdɛnəʊˌvaɪɹəs/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/, helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/, infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: virus /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/, envelope /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/, viral /ˈvaɪɹəl/, invite /ɪnˈvaɪt/, microwave /ˈmaɪkɹoʊˌweɪv/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, quiz /kwɪz/, mosaic /moʊˈzeɪ.ɪk/, compose /kəmˈpəʊz/, lyse /ˈlaɪz/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 보통 속도로 한 문장씩 섀도잉하고, 화자의 리듬과 맞을 때까지 반복합니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, virus, envelope, acid 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
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