Shadowing Practice: Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med | @LevelUpRN - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Hi, I'm Kathy with Level Up RN.
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In this video, I'm going to begin my coverage of topics from the Acellular Infectious Agents section of our Microbiology Flashcard deck.
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Specifically, I'll be talking about viruses, including key characteristics of viruses, virus components, and virus shapes.
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I've included a quiz at the end of the video to test your knowledge on some of the key facts
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I'll be covering, so definitely stay tuned for that.
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And if you have our Level Up RN microbiology flashcards, go ahead and pull out your flashcards on viruses
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so you can follow along with me
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and pay close attention to the bold red text on the back of the cards
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because those are the things that you are likely to get tested on in your micro class.
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Viruses are acellular pathogens.
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This means that they are not composed of cells and do not contain cells.
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Viruses require a host cell in order to survive.
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They basically hijack the host cell's machinery to reproduce, synthesize viral proteins, and assemble virus components.
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This makes them obligate intracellular parasites.
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Viruses come in a variety of sizes, but in general, they are very small, usually between 20 and 900 nanometers in length.
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Each virus has a host range, which is the range of species and cell types that the virus can infect.
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So for example, a bacteriophage is a virus that only infects bacterial cells.
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They do not infect human cells.
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A virulent phage is a bacteriophage that infects a bacterial cell and causes the cell to lice or burst,
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which results in cell death.
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Whereas a temperate phage integrates its genetic material into the host cell's chromosome,
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and that genetic material is replicated when the host cell replicates.
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So in the next video, in this video playlist, we will go into detail about the different ways that a bacteriophage can replicate.
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Of note, when you see the term virion, that is referring to a virus particle that is outside the host cell.
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So it's basically the extracellular form of a virus that is capable of infecting a new host.
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Let's now talk about the different components that make up a virus.
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So each virus will contain genetic material.
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This may be DNA or RNA, but not both.
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And then in addition to the DNA or RNA, each virus will have a capsid,
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which is a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material.
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The capsid is made up of capsimeres, which are protein subunits that interlock to form the capsid.
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Many viruses also have an envelope, which is a phospholipid membrane that surrounds the virus.
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This envelope is derived from the host cell when the virus pinches off from the host cell during a process called budding.
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A virus that lacks an envelope is referred to as a non -enveloped virus or a naked virus.
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Some viruses also have spikes, which are protein structures that extend outward and away from the virus.
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These spikes allow the virus to more effectively attach to the host cell, enter the cell, and cause infection.
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So viruses that have spikes tend to be more virulent.
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An example of a virus that has spikes is the coronavirus, which causes COVID -19.
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Now let's talk about key virus shapes, which include a helical shape, a polyhedral shape, and a complex shape.
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A virus with a helical shape has a cylindrical
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or rod -shaped capsid with the viral nucleic acid poiled up inside the capsid.
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An example of a virus with a helical shape is the tobacco mosaic virus.
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A virus with a polyhedral shape has a nucleic acid surrounded by a multi -sided capsid.
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An example of a virus with a polyhedral shape is the adenovirus.
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An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 equilateral triangular sides,
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which makes the virus appear spherical in shape.
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An example of a virus with an icosahedral shape is the poliovirus.
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And of note, helical viruses and polyhedral viruses may also have an envelope.
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Lastly, some viruses will have a complex shape, which includes features of both helical and polyhedral viruses.
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The most common example of a virus with a complex shape is a bacteriophage.
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So as you can see in the image, the head of the bacteriophage has a polyhedral shape,
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whereas the tail of the bacteriophage has a helical shape.
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All right, it's quiz time, and I have five questions for you.
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Question number one, what do you call the protein coat that surrounds and protects the nucleic acid of a virus?
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The answer is the capsid.
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Number two, what do you call the protein subunits that make up a capsid?
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The answer is capsomeres.
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Number three, what is a naked virus?
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The answer is a virus that lacks an envelope.
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Number four, what viral shape is shown here?
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The answer is helical.
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And number five, what do you call a complete virus particle outside the host cell?
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The answer is a virion.
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All right, that's it for this video.
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I hope you found it to be helpful.
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If so, be sure to hit that like button.
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Take care and good luck with studying!
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “Viruses: Components & Shapes - Microbiology Acellular Pre-Nursing, Pre-Med”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: virus, shape, cell, viruses, host. Deze video bevat 17 zinnen en 891 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 6:43. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 133 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. Slechts 69% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig. 5 van de 17 zinnen zijn vragen, dus het is goede oefening voor vraagintonatie en korte antwoorden.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| virus zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈvaɪ.ɹəs/ | virus |
| envelope zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɛnvə(ˌ)loʊp/ | envelop, briefomslag |
| genetic bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /d͡ʒəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | genetisch |
| spike zelfstandig naamwoord | /spaɪk/ | stekel |
| surround werkwoord | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | omgeven, omringen |
| acid zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈæsɪd/ | zuur |
| component zelfstandig naamwoord | /kəmˈpoʊ.nənt/ | onderdeel, component |
| refer werkwoord | /ɹɪˈfɜː/ | verwijzen, doorverwijzen |
| helpful bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ | behulpzaam |
| naked bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈneɪkɪd/ | naakt, bloot |
| whereas | /(h)wɛɹˈæz/ | hoewel, terwijl |
| coat zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈkoʊ̯t/ | mantel, jas |
| particle zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | deeltje, partikel |
| quiz zelfstandig naamwoord | /kwɪz/ | kwis, quiz |
| bacterial bijvoeglijk naamwoord | [bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ] | bacterieel |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | are not composed · is replicated · is made |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | range, which is · capsimeres, which are · envelope, which is |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 5 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals I'll, I'm, I've. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De “th”-klanken: pathogen /ˈpæθəd͡ʒn̩/, synthesize /ˈsɪnθəsaɪz/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: infection /ɪnˈfɛkʃən/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, infectious /ɪnˈfɛk.ʃəs/, flashcard /ˈflæʃˌkɑɹd/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, bacteriophage /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəʊˌfeɪd͡ʒ/, microbiology /ˌmʌɪkrə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒlədʒi/, adenovirus /əˈdɛnəʊˌvaɪɹəs/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, acid /ˈæsɪd/, naked /ˈneɪkɪd/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, quiz /kwɪz/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: acid /ˈæsɪd/, whereas /(h)wɛɹˈæz/, bacterial [bækˈtɪəɹiəɫ], tobacco /təˈbækoʊ/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: integrate /ˈɪn.tɪ.ɡɹeɪt/, obligate /ˈɒb.lɪˌɡeɪt/, triangular /tɹaɪˈæŋ.ɡjə.lɚ/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als virus, envelope, genetic.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.