Pratique du Shadowing: What Are You? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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80 phrases
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1
Are you your body?
2
Well, kind of, right?
Eh bien, en quelque sorte, non ?
3
But is there a line where this stops being true?
Mais existe-t-il une limite au-delà de laquelle cela cesse d'être vrai ?
4
How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?
Combien de vous-même pouvez-vous enlever avant de cesser d'être vous ?
5
And does the question even make sense?
Et la question a-t-elle seulement un sens ?
6
Your physical existence is cells.
Votre existence physique est constituée de cellules.
7
trillions of them, at least 10 times more than there are stars in the Milky Way.
des trillions d'entre eux, au moins 10 fois plus que le nombre d'étoiles dans la Voie lactée.
8
A cell is a living being, a machine made of up to 50,000 different proteins.
9
It has no consciousness, no will, no purpose, it just is.
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But it is still an individual.
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Together, your cells form huge structures for jobs like preparing food, gathering resources, transporting stuff around, scanning the environment, and so on.
12
If you extract cells from your body and put them in the right environment, they will continue to stay alive for a while.
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So your cells can exist without you.
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But you can't exist without them.
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If we take all the cells away, there is no you anymore.
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Is there a line where a pile of your cells stops being you?
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For example, if you donate an organ, billions of your cells will continue to live on inside someone else.
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Does this mean that a part of you became a part of another person?
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Or is this other body keeping a part of you alive?
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Or let us imagine an experiment.
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You and a random person from the street exchange cells.
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One at a time, your body gets one of their cells, their body gets one of your cells, at which point would they become you?
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Would they ever, or is this just a very slow and gross way to teleport you?
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Let's make this more complicated.
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The image of ourselves as a static thing is untenable.
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Almost all of your cells have to die during your lifetime.
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250 million have died since the beginning of this video alone.
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Between 1 and 3 million per second.
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In a 7 year period, most of your cells are replaced at least once.
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Every time your cell setup changes, you are slightly different than before.
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So a part of you is dying constantly.
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If you are lucky enough to become old, you would have cycled through roughly a million billion cells.
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So what you consider yourself is really just a snapshot.
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But sometimes, cells are broken and don't want to die, questioning the very nature of the unity of our bodies.
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We call them cancer.
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They cancel the biological social contract and become basically immortal.
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Cancer is not an outside invader, it's a part of you that puts its own survival over yours.
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But you could also argue that a cancer cell becomes another entity inside us, another being that just wants to thrive and survive.
39
Can we blame it for that?
40
A chilling cell story is that of Henrietta Lacks, a young cancer patient who died in 1951.
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Usually, cells only survived for a few days in the lab, making research very hard.
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Henrietta's cancer cells were immortal.
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Over the decades, they were multiplied over and over again and used for countless research projects, saving countless lives.
44
Henrietta's cells are still alive and overall have been grown to at least 20 tons of biomass.
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So there are living parts around the world from someone who has been considered dead for decades.
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How much of Henrietta is in these cells?
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What makes one of your cells you anyway?
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Maybe the information contained in it?
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Your DNA.
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Until recently, it was believed that all the cells in your body had basically the same genetic code.
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But it turns out this is wrong.
52
Your genome is mobile, changing over time through mutations and environmental influences.
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This is especially the case in your brain.
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According to recent discoveries, a single neuron in an adult brain has more than 1,000 mutations in its genetic code
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that are not present in the cells surrounding it.
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But how much you is your DNA really?
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About 8% of the human genome is made up of viruses that once infected our ancestors and merged with us.
58
Mitochondria, power plants of the cell, once were bacteria that merged with the ancestors of your cells.
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They still have their own DNA.
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An average cell has hundreds of them.
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Hundreds of little things that are not really human, but they still kind of are.
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It is confusing.
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Let's backtrack a bit.
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We know that you're made up of trillions of little things, made from more little things that are constantly changing.
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Together, all those little things are not static, but dynamic.
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Their composition and condition is changing constantly.
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So we might just be a self-sustaining pattern, without clear borders, that gained self-awareness at some point,
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and now has the ability to think about itself through time and space, really only exists in this exact very moment.
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Where did this pattern start?
70
With your conception?
71
When the first human arose?
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When life first began conquering our small planet?
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Or when the elements that make up your body were forged in a star?
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Our human brains evolved to deal with absolutes.
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The fuzzy borders that make up reality are hard to grasp.
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Maybe ideas like beginning and end, life and death, you and me, are really not absolute, but ideas belonging to a fluent pattern,
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a pattern that is lost in this strange and beautiful universe.
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The problem of who we are isn't just a question of ourselves, but it's also a question of our minds.
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Just as our cells can be divided and separated from us, so can our very brains be divided and separated from us while still in the skull.
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Click here to go to my channel and watch the next part.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « What Are You? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : cell, cancer, pattern, brain. Cette vidéo contient 80 phrases et 943 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:12. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 152 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 86 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer. 20 de ses 80 phrases sont des questions : un bon entraînement pour l’intonation interrogative et les réponses courtes.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| ancestor nom | /ˈæn.sɛs.tɚ/ | ancêtre |
| mutation nom | /mjuˈteɪʃən/ | mutation |
| genome nom | /ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/ | génome |
| merge verbe | /mɝd͡ʒ/ | fusionner, amalgamer |
| immortal adjectif | /ɪˈmɔɹtəl/ | immortel |
| countless adjectif | /ˈkaʊntləs/ | incalculable, innombrable |
| static adjectif | /ˈstæt.ɪk/ | statique |
| backtrack verbe | /ˈbæk.tɹæk/ | retourner sur ses pas, revenir sur ses pas |
| bacterium nom | /bækˈtɪəɹ.ɪəm/ | bactérie |
| biomass nom | /ˈbaɪoʊˌmæs/ | biomasse |
| infect verbe | /ɪnˈfɛkt/ | infecter |
| invader nom | /ɪnˈveɪ.də(ɹ)/ | envahisseur, envahisseuse |
| mitochondrion nom | /ˌmaɪtəˈkɑndɹiən/ | mitochondrie |
| multiply verbe | /ˈmʌltɪplaɪ/ | multiplier |
| neuron nom | /ˈn(j)ʊɹɑn/ | neurone, cellule nerveuse |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| make up verbe | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | constituer, composer |
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- Are you your body?
- How much of yourself can you remove before you stop being you?
- Can we blame it for that?
- What makes one of your cells you anyway?
- When life first began conquering our small planet?
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are replaced · are broken · were multiplied |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have died · have been grown · has been considered |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 4 contractions et formes réduites, comme can't, don't, isn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, snapshot /ˈsnæpʃɒt/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme ancestor, mutation, genome.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.