Prática de Shadowing: PSYCHOPATH vs SOCIOPATH - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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You've almost certainly met a psychopath.
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Statistically, you've probably met several.
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And here's the uncomfortable part.
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You probably liked them.
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Most people imagine a psychopath as a killer in a horror movie, and a sociopath as more or less the same thing with a different name.
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Both ideas are wrong.
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These are two different kinds of people, with different brains, different childhoods, and very different ways of being dangerous.
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By the end of this video, you'll know exactly what separates them, why one is far harder to spot than the other,
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and the one question that protects you from both.
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But first, there's something almost nobody knows.
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Neither one is an official diagnosis.
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If you open the manual psychiatrists use to diagnose mental disorders, you won't find psychopath or sociopath.
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The closest diagnosis is called antisocial personality disorder.
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It describes a long pattern of ignoring other people's rights.
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Lying, breaking rules, acting on impulse, and feeling little guilt about any of it.
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Researchers still use the word psychopathy, though, and they measure it carefully.
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The most famous tool was created by Canadian psychologist Robert Hare.
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It's called the Psychopathy Checklist, and it scores people on 20 traits, like superficial charm, pathological lying,
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lack of remorse, and a constant need for stimulation.
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Each trait gets zero, one, or two points.
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In North America, a score of 30 out of 40 is the usual cutoff for psychopathy.
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The word sociopath has a different history.
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In 1930, psychologist George Partridge used it to argue that this kind of behavior comes mainly from a person's social world, their upbringing and environment.
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So here's how most experts and writers draw the line today.
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Psychopathy is the version people seem to be born with.
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Sociopathy is the version that's mostly made.
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It's not a perfect line, and researchers still argue about it.
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But once you see the two side by side, the difference is hard to miss.
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Meet the psychopath.
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Imagine the most charming person at a party.
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Relaxed, confident, funny.
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They make eye contact and remember your name.
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Within 10 minutes, you feel like you've known them for years.
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That's often what a psychopath looks like from the outside.
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Calm.
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Controlled.
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Strangely fearless.
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That fearlessness is real, and you can measure it.
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When most people expect something bad, like an electric shock or a loud noise, their bodies react before they even think.
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Their palms sweat.
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Their startle reflex gets stronger.
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In studies, people high in psychopathy often show much weaker versions of these reactions.
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Their alarm system is turned down.
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This is why a psychopath can lie to your face without blinking.
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The nervousness that gives most liars away just isn't there.
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And when a psychopath hurts someone, it's usually not out of rage.
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It's planned.
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It's a tool.
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They wanted something, you were in the way, and they handled it the way you'd move a chair.
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Afterwards, they don't lie awake feeling guilty.
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For many of them, guilt is a word they understand, but have never really felt.
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Now, meet the sociopath.
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The sociopath is the person at the party who seems fine until something goes wrong.
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Someone spills a drink on them and suddenly they're shouting.
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They're quick to anger, quick to blame, and they struggle to keep a job, a relationship, or a plan for very long.
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Sociopaths are generally described as impulsive and erratic.
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Where a psychopath plans, a sociopath reacts.
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Their harmful behavior is often messy and emotional, done in the heat of the moment, which also makes them much easier to catch.
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Sociopaths can also form real bonds, just not many.
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They might be loyal to one friend, one family member, or one group, while caring nothing about anyone outside that circle.
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They often know what they're doing is wrong.
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They may even feel a flicker of guilt.
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They just don't let it stop them.
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So the simplest way to remember it is this.
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The psychopath is cold.
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The sociopath is hot.
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Born or made?
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So where does each one come from?
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In 2005, researchers in the UK studied thousands of seven -year -old twins.
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They looked at what psychologists call callous unemotional traits, a lack of guilt and empathy that can show up even in young children.
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They found that when these traits were strong, they were heavily influenced by genes.
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That doesn't mean a child is born doomed.
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Genes aren't destiny.
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But it suggests that for psychopathy, something is often there from very early on sociopathy tends to tell a different story
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it's more often linked to what happens to a child abuse neglect violence chaos at home a child who learns
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that the world is dangerous and
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that nobody will protect them can grow up treating everyone else
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as a threat one kind of brain may be wired differently
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from the start the other may be shaped by the world
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into something hard what's different in the brain neuroscientist kent keel wanted to see inside the brains of psychopaths
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so he did something no one had done at that scale.
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He brought a mobile brain scanner into prisons and scanned thousands of inmates.
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His team found
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that people scoring high in psychopathy tended to show differences in a network of brain regions involved in emotion and moral feeling,
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including the amygdala, the brain's alarm center.
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And then there's the strange case of James Fallon.
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Fallon was a neuroscientist who studied the brains of killers.
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One day, while looking through a set of brain scans, he noticed one that matched the pattern he associated with psychopaths.
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When he checked the name, it was his own.
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Fallon had never hurt anyone.
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He later said he believed his loving childhood was what kept him on the right side of the line.
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Whether or not he was right, his story shows something important.
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A brain is not a sentence.
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It's a starting point.
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The Empathy Switch Here's what surprises most people.
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Psychopaths are not blind to emotions.
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Many of them are very good at reading what you feel.
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Psychologists split empathy into two parts.
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Cognitive empathy is knowing what someone feels.
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Emotional empathy is feeling it with them.
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Psychopaths often have the first without the second.
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They can read your fear perfectly.
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It just doesn't move them.
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In a 2013 study in the Netherlands, researchers showed violent offenders with psychopathy videos of people's hands interacting, – sometimes lovingly, sometimes painfully.
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While they simply watched, the brain areas linked to sharing others' feelings were much less active than in other people.
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But when the researchers asked them to try to empathize with the people in the videos, that activity rose, and the gap became much smaller.
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The researchers suggested that for psychopaths, empathy may be less like something missing and more like a switch they usually leave off.
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That's what makes them so convincing.
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When charm is useful, they can switch the understanding on.
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When it isn't, they switch it off.
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Where they really are Psychopathy is often estimated at around 1 % of the general population.
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In prisons, estimates are much higher, commonly somewhere between 15 and 25%.
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But not every psychopath ends up in prison.
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Some end up in offices.
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In a 2010 study, researchers including Robert Hare assessed around 200 corporate managers and professionals.
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About 4 % scored high enough to be considered likely psychopaths, several times the rate usually estimated for the general public.
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Many of them had been rated by their companies as charismatic, creative, and good communicators.
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They were also rated poorly on teamwork and actual performance.
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That's the danger of the cold type.
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The traits that make a psychopath harmful—confidence, charm, fearlessness— are often the same traits we mistake for leadership.
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The biggest myth.
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Here's what movies get wrong.
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Most psychopaths are not serial killers, and most never kill anyone.
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Far more of them leave behind a trail of broken trust, drained bank accounts, and people wondering how they were fooled.
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And here's the second myth.
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The word psychopath gets thrown at every ex, every bad boss, every selfish friend.
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But everyone lies sometimes.
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Everyone acts selfishly sometimes.
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Someone being cruel to you does not automatically make them a psychopath.
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Only a trained professional can actually make that assessment.
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And there's real hope.
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At a juvenile treatment center in Wisconsin, a program designed specifically for young offenders with these traits was
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linked to much lower rates of violent re -offending compared with similar youths who didn't get it.
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Some of these minds can be changed especially
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when people start young the one question
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so how do you protect yourself from either one most people focus on the wrong thing
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they listen to what someone says charm apologies promises the perfect words at the perfect moment
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but words are exactly where a psychopath is strongest
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so next time someone's words make you feel amazing pause and ask yourself one question.
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What do they actually do when it costs them something?
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Do they keep promises when it's inconvenient?
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Do they treat a waiter the same way they treat you?
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When they hurt someone, do they repair it or just explain it away?
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A psychopath can fake almost any feeling.
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What's much harder to fake, for years, is consistent behavior that costs them something.
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Now tell me in the comments, before this video, which one did you think was more dangerous, the psychopath or the sociopath? And subscribe,
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because next time we're going deeper into the cold type and the exact manipulation tactics psychopaths use to make you trust them.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “PSYCHOPATH vs SOCIOPATH”. As palavras que mais se repetem: psychopath, sociopath, brain, psychopathy, trait. Este vídeo tem 147 frases e 1579 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 9:47. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 161 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 81% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| researcher substantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | pesquisador, pesquisadora |
| trait substantivo | /tɹeɪt/ | traço, peculiaridade |
| empathy substantivo | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | empatia |
| charm substantivo | /t͡ʃɑɹm/ | fetiche, feitiço |
| guilt substantivo | /ɡɪlt/ | culpa |
| psychologist substantivo | /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/ | psicólogo, psicóloga |
| killer substantivo | /ˈkɪlɚ/ | assassino, assassina |
| estimate substantivo | /ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/ | estimativa, cálculo |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| violent adjetivo | /ˈvaɪ.ə.lənt/ | violento |
| gene substantivo | /d͡ʒiːn/ | gene |
| disorder substantivo | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | desordem |
| alarm substantivo | /əˈlɑɹm/ | alarme |
| diagnosis substantivo | /daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/ | diagnóstico |
| emotion substantivo | /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ | emoção |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| grow up verbo | crescer |
| turn down verbo | recusar, rejeitar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- You've almost certainly met a psychopath.
- Statistically, you've probably met several.
- Do they keep promises when it's inconvenient?
- Do they treat a waiter the same way they treat you?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is called · was created · be born |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | you've probably met · you've known · have never really felt |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 18 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, you've, doesn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, myth /mɪθ/, psychopath /ˈsaɪkəʊpæθ/, sociopath /ˈsəʊ.si.ə(ʊ)ˌpæθ/, psychopathy /saɪˈkɑpəθi/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/, shout /ʃaʊt/, manipulation /məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/, apology /əˈpɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, manipulation /məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: trait /tɹeɪt/, guilt /ɡɪlt/, psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, estimate /ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/, violent /ˈvaɪ.ə.lənt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: moral /ˈmoɹəl/, trail /tɹeɪl/, manual /ˈmæn.j(u)əl/, serial /ˈsɪɹ.i.əl/, loyal /ˈlɔɪəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/, horror /ˈhɒɹ.ə/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como researcher, trait, empathy.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.