Практика Shadowing: PSYCHOPATH vs SOCIOPATH - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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You've almost certainly met a psychopath.
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Statistically, you've probably met several.
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And here's the uncomfortable part.
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You probably liked them.
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Most people imagine a psychopath as a killer in a horror movie, and a sociopath as more or less the same thing with a different name.
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Both ideas are wrong.
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These are two different kinds of people, with different brains, different childhoods, and very different ways of being dangerous.
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By the end of this video, you'll know exactly what separates them, why one is far harder to spot than the other,
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and the one question that protects you from both.
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But first, there's something almost nobody knows.
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Neither one is an official diagnosis.
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If you open the manual psychiatrists use to diagnose mental disorders, you won't find psychopath or sociopath.
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The closest diagnosis is called antisocial personality disorder.
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It describes a long pattern of ignoring other people's rights.
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Lying, breaking rules, acting on impulse, and feeling little guilt about any of it.
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Researchers still use the word psychopathy, though, and they measure it carefully.
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The most famous tool was created by Canadian psychologist Robert Hare.
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It's called the Psychopathy Checklist, and it scores people on 20 traits, like superficial charm, pathological lying,
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lack of remorse, and a constant need for stimulation.
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Each trait gets zero, one, or two points.
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In North America, a score of 30 out of 40 is the usual cutoff for psychopathy.
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The word sociopath has a different history.
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In 1930, psychologist George Partridge used it to argue that this kind of behavior comes mainly from a person's social world, their upbringing and environment.
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So here's how most experts and writers draw the line today.
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Psychopathy is the version people seem to be born with.
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Sociopathy is the version that's mostly made.
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It's not a perfect line, and researchers still argue about it.
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But once you see the two side by side, the difference is hard to miss.
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Meet the psychopath.
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Imagine the most charming person at a party.
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Relaxed, confident, funny.
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They make eye contact and remember your name.
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Within 10 minutes, you feel like you've known them for years.
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That's often what a psychopath looks like from the outside.
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Calm.
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Controlled.
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Strangely fearless.
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That fearlessness is real, and you can measure it.
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When most people expect something bad, like an electric shock or a loud noise, their bodies react before they even think.
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Their palms sweat.
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Their startle reflex gets stronger.
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In studies, people high in psychopathy often show much weaker versions of these reactions.
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Their alarm system is turned down.
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This is why a psychopath can lie to your face without blinking.
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The nervousness that gives most liars away just isn't there.
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And when a psychopath hurts someone, it's usually not out of rage.
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It's planned.
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It's a tool.
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They wanted something, you were in the way, and they handled it the way you'd move a chair.
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Afterwards, they don't lie awake feeling guilty.
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For many of them, guilt is a word they understand, but have never really felt.
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Now, meet the sociopath.
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The sociopath is the person at the party who seems fine until something goes wrong.
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Someone spills a drink on them and suddenly they're shouting.
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They're quick to anger, quick to blame, and they struggle to keep a job, a relationship, or a plan for very long.
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Sociopaths are generally described as impulsive and erratic.
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Where a psychopath plans, a sociopath reacts.
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Their harmful behavior is often messy and emotional, done in the heat of the moment, which also makes them much easier to catch.
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Sociopaths can also form real bonds, just not many.
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They might be loyal to one friend, one family member, or one group, while caring nothing about anyone outside that circle.
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They often know what they're doing is wrong.
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They may even feel a flicker of guilt.
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They just don't let it stop them.
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So the simplest way to remember it is this.
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The psychopath is cold.
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The sociopath is hot.
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Born or made?
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So where does each one come from?
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In 2005, researchers in the UK studied thousands of seven -year -old twins.
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They looked at what psychologists call callous unemotional traits, a lack of guilt and empathy that can show up even in young children.
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They found that when these traits were strong, they were heavily influenced by genes.
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That doesn't mean a child is born doomed.
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Genes aren't destiny.
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But it suggests that for psychopathy, something is often there from very early on sociopathy tends to tell a different story
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it's more often linked to what happens to a child abuse neglect violence chaos at home a child who learns
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that the world is dangerous and
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that nobody will protect them can grow up treating everyone else
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as a threat one kind of brain may be wired differently
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from the start the other may be shaped by the world
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into something hard what's different in the brain neuroscientist kent keel wanted to see inside the brains of psychopaths
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so he did something no one had done at that scale.
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He brought a mobile brain scanner into prisons and scanned thousands of inmates.
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His team found
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that people scoring high in psychopathy tended to show differences in a network of brain regions involved in emotion and moral feeling,
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including the amygdala, the brain's alarm center.
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And then there's the strange case of James Fallon.
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Fallon was a neuroscientist who studied the brains of killers.
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One day, while looking through a set of brain scans, he noticed one that matched the pattern he associated with psychopaths.
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When he checked the name, it was his own.
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Fallon had never hurt anyone.
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He later said he believed his loving childhood was what kept him on the right side of the line.
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Whether or not he was right, his story shows something important.
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A brain is not a sentence.
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It's a starting point.
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The Empathy Switch Here's what surprises most people.
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Psychopaths are not blind to emotions.
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Many of them are very good at reading what you feel.
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Psychologists split empathy into two parts.
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Cognitive empathy is knowing what someone feels.
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Emotional empathy is feeling it with them.
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Psychopaths often have the first without the second.
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They can read your fear perfectly.
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It just doesn't move them.
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In a 2013 study in the Netherlands, researchers showed violent offenders with psychopathy videos of people's hands interacting, – sometimes lovingly, sometimes painfully.
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While they simply watched, the brain areas linked to sharing others' feelings were much less active than in other people.
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But when the researchers asked them to try to empathize with the people in the videos, that activity rose, and the gap became much smaller.
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The researchers suggested that for psychopaths, empathy may be less like something missing and more like a switch they usually leave off.
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That's what makes them so convincing.
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When charm is useful, they can switch the understanding on.
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When it isn't, they switch it off.
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Where they really are Psychopathy is often estimated at around 1 % of the general population.
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In prisons, estimates are much higher, commonly somewhere between 15 and 25%.
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But not every psychopath ends up in prison.
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Some end up in offices.
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In a 2010 study, researchers including Robert Hare assessed around 200 corporate managers and professionals.
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About 4 % scored high enough to be considered likely psychopaths, several times the rate usually estimated for the general public.
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Many of them had been rated by their companies as charismatic, creative, and good communicators.
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They were also rated poorly on teamwork and actual performance.
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That's the danger of the cold type.
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The traits that make a psychopath harmful—confidence, charm, fearlessness— are often the same traits we mistake for leadership.
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The biggest myth.
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Here's what movies get wrong.
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Most psychopaths are not serial killers, and most never kill anyone.
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Far more of them leave behind a trail of broken trust, drained bank accounts, and people wondering how they were fooled.
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And here's the second myth.
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The word psychopath gets thrown at every ex, every bad boss, every selfish friend.
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But everyone lies sometimes.
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Everyone acts selfishly sometimes.
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Someone being cruel to you does not automatically make them a psychopath.
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Only a trained professional can actually make that assessment.
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And there's real hope.
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At a juvenile treatment center in Wisconsin, a program designed specifically for young offenders with these traits was
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linked to much lower rates of violent re -offending compared with similar youths who didn't get it.
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Some of these minds can be changed especially
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when people start young the one question
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so how do you protect yourself from either one most people focus on the wrong thing
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they listen to what someone says charm apologies promises the perfect words at the perfect moment
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but words are exactly where a psychopath is strongest
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so next time someone's words make you feel amazing pause and ask yourself one question.
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What do they actually do when it costs them something?
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Do they keep promises when it's inconvenient?
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Do they treat a waiter the same way they treat you?
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When they hurt someone, do they repair it or just explain it away?
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A psychopath can fake almost any feeling.
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What's much harder to fake, for years, is consistent behavior that costs them something.
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Now tell me in the comments, before this video, which one did you think was more dangerous, the psychopath or the sociopath? And subscribe,
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because next time we're going deeper into the cold type and the exact manipulation tactics psychopaths use to make you trust them.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «PSYCHOPATH vs SOCIOPATH». Чаще всего повторяются слова: psychopath, sociopath, brain, psychopathy, trait. В этом видео 147 предложений и 1579 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 9:47. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 161 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 81% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| researcher существительное | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | иссле́дователь, иссле́довательница |
| trait существительное | /tɹeɪt/ | черта́, осо́бенность |
| empathy существительное | /ˈɛmpəθi/ | сочу́вствие, эмпа́тия |
| charm существительное | /t͡ʃɑɹm/ | амуле́т, талисма́н |
| guilt существительное | /ɡɪlt/ | вина́, вино́вность |
| psychologist существительное | /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/ | психо́лог |
| killer существительное | /ˈkɪlɚ/ | уби́йца, ки́ллер |
| estimate существительное | /ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/ | оце́нка |
| argue глагол | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | спо́рить, обсужда́ть |
| violent прилагательное | /ˈvaɪ.ə.lənt/ | неи́стовый |
| gene существительное | /d͡ʒiːn/ | ген |
| disorder существительное | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | беспоря́док, каварда́к |
| alarm существительное | /əˈlɑɹm/ | трево́га |
| diagnosis существительное | /daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/ | диа́гноз, диагно́стика |
| emotion существительное | /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ | эмо́ция, чу́вство |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| grow up глагол | расти́, выраста́ть |
| leave behind глагол | оставля́ть, оста́вить |
| show up глагол | объявля́ться, объяви́ться |
| turn down глагол | отверга́ть, отве́ргнуть |
Фразы, которые стоит повторять
Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:
- You've almost certainly met a psychopath.
- Statistically, you've probably met several.
- Do they keep promises when it's inconvenient?
- Do they treat a waiter the same way they treat you?
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | is called · was created · be born |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | you've probably met · you've known · have never really felt |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 18 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например they're, you've, doesn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «th»: empathy /ˈɛmpəθi/, myth /mɪθ/, psychopath /ˈsaɪkəʊpæθ/, sociopath /ˈsəʊ.si.ə(ʊ)ˌpæθ/, psychopathy /saɪˈkɑpəθi/
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, shock /ʃɔk/, selfish /ˈsɛlf.ɪʃ/, shout /ʃaʊt/, manipulation /məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: psychologist /ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/, differently /ˈdɪf.ə.ɹənt.li/, uncomfortable /ʌnˈkʌm.fɚ.tə.bl̩/, apology /əˈpɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, manipulation /məˌnɪp.juˈleɪ.ʃən/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: wire /ˈwaɪɚ/, afterwards /ˈæf.tɚ.wɚdz/, twin /twɪn/, awake /əˈweɪk/, sweat /swɛt/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/, horror /ˈhɒɹ.ə/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: afterwards /ˈæf.tɚ.wɚdz/, cognitive /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/, rage /ɹeɪd͡ʒ/, subscribe /səbˈskɹaɪb/, pause /pɔːz/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как researcher, trait, empathy.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.