Prática de Shadowing: What the actual science says about "brain rot" - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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In 2022, a lab in Munich did something that I've been wanting to see.
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They gave 60 people a cognitive test, then sent them away for a 10 -minute break, and then tested them again.
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Now the difference was the break.
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Some people just sat there, some scrolled on Twitter, some watched a normal YouTube video, and some went on TikTok.
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So whose brain changed during that time?
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This is one of the few experiments that I've been able to dig up
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that has actually tested the idea of brain rot.
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But the science is starting to catch up to the fact that short form video feeds are everywhere, and almost all of the commentary says that they're making us dumber.
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I cannot physically bring myself to study.
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I'm addicted too.
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We're all addicted to this.
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Oh no. It's horrible for you.
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Oh, and we're giving kids just the attention span of a walnut.
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This is awkward because we make shorts, and it has introduced us to a bunch of new viewers.
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If brain rot is real, then we might be part of the problem.
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I do have a lot of skepticism whenever there's a claim
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that like some new thing is fundamentally changing the way that humans operate.
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Yeah.
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Apparently Socrates thought that writing was going to ruin our minds.
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And, you know, people worried about novels being addictive and the telegraph and all of that.
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Like on Howtown, we don't just take the conventional wisdom.
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We're not running on vibes over here.
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We're trying to see if there's anything behind the vibes.
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So I went hunting for evidence.
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We've heard about shrinking attention spans since the start of the smartphone era, but how can we measure those?
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And what are the studies saying about the video feeds specifically?
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After 10 minutes of swiping through shorts, do people really think any worse?
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First, I wanted to know what makes this new format different from the hours of television that people watch every day.
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And you can hear it in how the companies talk about their own product.
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See, last year a bunch of private conversations between TikTok employees came to light after 14 U .S states investigated
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and sued the company.
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This is multiple lawsuits coming from individual states' attorney general.
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And the action alleges that TikTok exploits and harms young users.
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The state attorneys had agreed to black out the confidential materials.
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And I found the breadth of these redactions odd.
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That's a local reporter named Sylvia Goodman she discovered that the redactions in the Kentucky complaint had not been done correctly.
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I copy and pasted it all out into a fresh document and I could read all of those redactions.
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I'll be honest, my jaw was on the floor reading some of this.
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The documents showed TikTok employees openly grappling with the potential harm of the bold glamour filter.
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Bold glamour filter.
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This is without the filter.
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They admitted that those screen time reminders
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were a good talking point but not altogether effective one sentence
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that really stood out to me came from an internal document titled Digital Wellbeing.
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TikTok's success can largely be attributed to strong out -of -the -box personalization and automation, which limits user agency.
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We hear a lot about that personalization.
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That's the famous algorithm that decides what to show you based on what you watch
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and what people with similar watch behavior watch.
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But I want to zero in on that last part about how the interface limits user agency.
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They're saying that TikTok wins by making fewer things feel like your decision.
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And I think that's the key to understanding what short -form video feeds might be doing to our minds.
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And since we use that word feed, let's roll with the food analogy.
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The restaurants we know have a menu.
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You browse, you pick something, you eat it.
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Streaming television is that kind of restaurant.
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YouTube is too.
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Or it was.
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Their big innovation is that the menus are personalized based on what you've eaten there in the past.
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Now imagine a restaurant without menus, where you sit down, open your mouth, and a device places a morsel of something onto your tongue.
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You don't get another bite until you eat it or spit it out.
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By measuring your chew time, the restaurant can adjust the lineup of bites to feature more of the flavors that you tend to swallow.
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But they don't just hit you with the same flavor time after time.
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They can also test out some unexpected morsels, because even if it's not your favorite, it's just a bite.
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And there's another one waiting that might be amazing.
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Without a menu, you lose the experience of choosing, but you gain the experience of being surprised over and over and over again.
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Plus, a lot more people can make morsels than can make a whole menu, so this restaurant can recruit way more cooks trying way more tricks to make their morsels tasty.
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This restaurant is TikTok and Reels and YouTube Shorts and all of the other imitators.
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And it is probably the most engaging media interface that I've ever seen, just in terms of sheer entertainment by watch time.
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There's a catch though.
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This sequential feeding system wouldn't work if the dishes were big or complicated.
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It only works with morsels.
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If you take away the user's agency, you arrive at short form.
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We've seen this happen before with Tinder.
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Instead of a dating app based on a menu, they showed one profile at a time, forcing feedback from the swiper.
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And what happened?
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The profiles became short form.
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Just photos, a couple of words, and an algorithm that encodes our subconscious responses more than our reflective intentions.
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Maybe you noticed that all the dating apps became Tinder.
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So is all of media becoming TikTok?
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I've been trying to figure out just how much human attention has shifted into these feeds, but only the platforms know that and they don't release the data.
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But they do these quarterly calls with investors.
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And if you go back through the past few years, you can kind of hear just how big of a response Meta and YouTube have made to the rise of TikTok.
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Reels already makes up more than 20 % of the time, 50 % of the time that people spend on Instagram.
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Over 15 billion views each day.
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30 billion daily views.
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50 billion plus.
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70 billion.
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We now average over 200 billion daily views on YouTube shows.
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Social media has gone through two eras so far.
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First was when all content was from friends, family, and accounts that you follow directly.
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The second was when we added all of the creator content.
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Now, as AI makes it easier, To create and remix content, we're going to add yet another huge corpus of content on top of those.
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It's really easy for me to think of this as the bowl of potato chips
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that someone sticks on the table that you didn't order, but it's there, so you snack on it.
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No one can eat just one.
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And it makes me wonder if Howtown Shorts are kind of like, do you know those like pea -shaped potato chips?
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Uh -huh, right, right, right.
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I know what you're talking about.
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It's like a green Cheeto.
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There's a version of this that's like, but our chips are made of vegetables.
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Yeah.
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I suppose it's no surprise that a bottomless personalized mystery snack dispenser could take over our media diets.
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But there is such thing as a healthy snack, right?
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So I'm going to tell you about all the research that I've read about this, and then maybe we can decide how we feel about it.
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Yeah, great.
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Yeah.
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It's interesting.
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As you've been researching all this, I have been feeling especially scatterbrained.
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I'm like distracted by the news.
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I've been moving between two different continents.
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So it's a happy coincidence that the sponsor for this week's episode is Headspace, the mental health platform.
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Did you try it?
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Yeah, yeah.
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They sent me a free subscription and I've been taking their Finding Focus course, which is basically 10 minute sessions of guided meditation.
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And it's been really nice, honestly, to have that break of my day.
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A couple of days ago, I actually just did one while I was waiting for the bus.
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You know, I've done a fair amount of reporting on mindfulness meditation over the years, and there's a real growing body of evidence from some pretty robust studies that it can improve your working memory,
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it can improve your ability to sustain attention.
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In one study, people who meditated with headspace for a month were less distractible than a control group who did these standard brain training exercises, things like puzzles and memory tasks.
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So if you, dear viewer, want to help your brain to focus, you want to learn to meditate, Maybe you just want to have these calm moments built into your day.
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You can start Headspace for free by following the link in our description box or scanning this QR code that's on screen.
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Usually it's just a two -week trial, but with this link, you get a full 60 days completely free.
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Before we get to TikTok, there's a bigger question to answer.
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Have our attention spans really shrunk?
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According to a 2015 post by Time Magazine, yes.
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They're now shorter than a goldfish.
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But this is one of those myths that won't die.
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Here's a fun fact.
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Some researchers have concluded that our attention span is now shorter than a goldfish.
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That's a scientific fact!
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The claim came from a report published by Microsoft, which had this graphic showing our attention span declining from 12 seconds to 8 seconds.
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But they were citing something called Statistic Brain, which in turn cited these sources. And
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when journalists tried to track down those sources, they didn't exist the numbers were entirely made up for both the humans and the goldfish.
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So what would it really take to measure attention spans?
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Well, I talked to one of the few people who have tried.
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My name is Gloria Mark.
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She's written a book called Attention Span.
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And way back in 2003, she convinced an investment management company to let her peek over the shoulders of 14 of their employees as they worked.
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And we would just observe them.
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And with stopwatches, every time they changed to do something else, we would click on the stopwatch and it was very, very tiring.
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Those employees spent about two and a half minutes working on their computers before they switched to checking email.
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or doing something else.
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Fast forward to 2012, she convinces another workplace to let her install software
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that tracks how often their employees click from one window to another and finds that they switch every 75 seconds on average.
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Now it's closer to 40.
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So yes, empirically we can say that on screens, attention spans have shortened.
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It's a little tricky because obviously we have this method switch.
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Like without that dot at 2004, the trend doesn't look as dramatic, right?
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It's sort of funny to me to think about
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the adjudicators or the watchers in that first test were also having their attentions tested.
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Like, were they able to catch, like they're also having to focus.
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The other big question I would have is like,
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is this measuring our ability to focus or just how much distracting stuff there is in our lives?
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What I'm worried about is
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that I'm no longer able to read a book for six hours like I did when I was 12.
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Has something changed about your brain?
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Yeah, has something changed about the ability of my brain?
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It's obvious to me that something has changed about the way that computers work.
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Like, yeah, I've just got notifications.
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There's literal sounds that are telling me you should be distracted by this other thing right now.
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And so I still have, I'm still curious about like, if there's actual damage being done to our mental systems, I guess.
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The advantage of Gloria Mark's approach is that it captures real life.
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It's not just bringing people into a laboratory, having them sit for an hour in front of a computer,
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but we actually observed what people did over the day in the course of their actual work.
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The limitation is that it can't distinguish between these three different influences on our ability to focus.
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There's our attentional capacity, that's what we generally think of when we say attention span.
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Then there's our motivation, how much we need or care about focusing on this task.
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And there's competition, how much is our environment distracting us.
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Now in a lab, they can get closer to controlling for motivation and competition.
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But the tasks that they give people don't look anything like real life.
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Let me show you.
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This is a classic attention test.
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They tell you to memorize this image.
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And then you go through these rows, crossing out the items that match the one that you memorized.
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You get 20 seconds per row.
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There's 14 rows.
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They look at how many errors you make, how fast you work, whether you get worse over time.
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And on this test, performance in adults has actually been increasing.
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That's according to a study that compiled scores from three decades and 32 countries.
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In children, overall performance hasn't changed, but their test -taking style has.
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They've become faster, making more errors, but also completing more items.
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Now, researchers who run lab tests like these don't claim to be measuring attention span.
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I think we often in daily life, and I even do this myself, we just talk about attention and it feels obvious like we know what it means to pay attention.
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But actually, if we give people different tasks, we can see that there's distinct components of attention that aren't necessarily related to each other.
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Monica Rosenberg studies patterns of brain activity during attention tests.
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When I'm watching a really engaging movie, like my lab collected data as people watched a Hitchcock film and YouTube videos about cooking.
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Is this the same kind of attention
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or is there something fundamentally different about being engaged in a narrative
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that I'm motivated to follow versus forcing myself to do this boring task?
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And, you know, it turns out there's some similarities, but there's also some differences. And
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so I think how well I do on one task with
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pictures is not indicative of how well I pay attention all the time in all contexts.
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It's certainly related, but it's not a perfect measure.
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So let's set aside the concept of attention spans.
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It's a really fuzzy term.
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It's hard to measure.
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The sharper question to ask is, if you binge short form video, what exactly gets worse?
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Is it your memory, your reasoning?
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That's what the next few studies are trying to pin down.
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If you ask, do people who say they're addicted to short form video also have trouble focusing?
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So far the answer to that seems to be yes.
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A recent review of 14 studies found that increased SFV use, that's short form video, was associated with poorer cognition,
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including attention and inhibitory control.
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But whenever you see that term was associated with, that's scientist's code for, we're not saying this causes the problem.
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Right.
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It's sort of our social media and teen health all over again,
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where it's are depressed teens becoming depressed because they are on social media or are they seeking it out?
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Yeah, I think this is the question with basically all of the harmful effects
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that people are attributing to these new technologies is almost all the research can't distinguish correlation from causation.
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But there are a few experimental studies that I wanted to highlight.
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There are at least two different cognitive tests where people perform worse after scrolling a shorts feed.
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One is a kind of trick question quiz
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and the other is about whether you can remember to do something that you plan to do.
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So first, there's a measure based on these three questions.
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A bat and a ball cost $1 .10 in total.
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The bat costs $1 more than the ball.
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How much does the ball cost?
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This is supposed to capture analytical thinking.
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To get these questions right, you have to switch out of autopilot.
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Like your gut is screaming 10 cents and you need to override that.
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72 college students at Peking University in Beijing took this test after either spending 30 minutes scrolling TikTok or 30 minutes reading.
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And the TikTok group did worse.
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The researchers wanted to know, does what you watch matter?
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So they ran a second study, but this time people watched either a cute animals playlist or a science experiments playlist.
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They also changed how people watch.
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Some could swipe through the videos like a normal feed, others had to sit and watch the same clips stitched together into one long video, and here's what they found.
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It didn't matter whether you watched animals or science, but the swiping groups consistently did worse on the cognitive reflection test.
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They got 0 .38 fewer questions right out of the three questions total.
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That's 12 % of the scale after 30 minutes from just swiping alone.
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Okay, interesting.
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So if you're subjected to essentially just a montage of videos that you don't have control over,
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you are not degrading your analytical thinking as much as
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if you're swiping through and getting to just skip whenever you are bored.
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It's sort of interesting because you think of that decision is interacting with the interface, right?
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That decision is cognitively more intense than just sitting back and letting something happen to you, right?
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Yeah, unless boredom is cognitively intense in a way that we don't recognize.
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Okay, so that's one test that short -form video makes you worse at.
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The other is a test of prospective memory, which is when you remember to do something that you intended to do,
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like picking up the dry cleaning or joining a Zoom meeting or taking a medication that you're supposed to take.
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Researchers at the University of Munich wanted to know how short form video feeds affect that ability.
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Because it was coming from a general observation that like, if you scroll a bit, you feel like, I don't want to say that you feel like new,
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but like you kind of...
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Dissociate.
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Yeah, yeah, dissociate a bit.
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So it was something like, okay, it's actually really happening.
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Like, and we felt that.
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So we said, okay, let's figure out how we can,
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you know, make this solid user study and investigate what can be a cognitive function that would be associated.
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So how would you test perspective memory?
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Boy, oh boy.
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Well, it feels like, yeah, we're getting tested all the time.
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If you tell me to do something and then you wait 30 minutes and see if I did it, is that long enough to be considered perspective memory?
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Or does it have to be like, I know I have a meeting on Wednesday at one.
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And do you show up at the meeting?
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Is that is there a timescale involved in what is considered perspective memory?
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Yeah, well, I mean, the way that the way
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that psychologists define it for their purposes is even much shorter than
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that because they need a way to measure it in the lab with subjects
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that they don't have access to for very long.
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So the way they try to capture perspective memory, which is this idea of remembering a previous goal or intention, is they embed a task within a task.
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So you're going to try this out.
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No, great.
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I should have slept more last night.
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The subjects were told to press N on their keyboard if the word on the screen is a real word.
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My heart is racing.
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And an M if it's a fake word.
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But if they saw the words blue, purple, or green, they were supposed to press Q, W, or E respectively.
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That's the perspective memory task.
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Nope, I did it wrong.
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I got it wrong already.
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I already know.
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Houseman?
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Joust.
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Green.
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I love green.
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They had people do this task and then take a 10 -minute break in which they either just rested, scrolled Twitter, watched a YouTube video,
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or scrolled TikTok, and then they took the test again.
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When they compared the scores from before the break and after the break, the performance on the real -word, fake -word task was the same.
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But for the blue -purple -green task, where they needed to remember that second intention, one group saw a big drop in their scores.
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It was the group that scrolled TikTok during the break.
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Thank you.
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What this is basically getting at is if you should be keeping something in mind, you lose that with the scrolling behavior.
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But not just scrolling, because Twitter is a scroll behavior as well.
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Right, that's true.
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It's short -form video specifically.
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That study took place in Germany, but I was able to give this test to Adam in English
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because researchers in the UK replicated it in their own sample of 45 students.
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And this time, they tested different ways of watching short -form video.
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One group was limited to 10 swipes, the other group was allowed to swipe as much as they wanted, and there was a control group that just sat quietly.
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The group that watched shorts but was limited to 10 swipes didn't see a drop in their performance.
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The unlimited swiping group did.
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So again, it's like something about just being able to do this mindlessly is the problem.
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So if you're watching this in a clipped short, don't swipe away.
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Actually, what you should do is download all the Howtown shorts, but watch them in one big stream.
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There you go.
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So that's basically where we're at with the research.
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There's a few of these experimental studies.
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They're using a few different types of cognitive tests, none of which really map on to our popular conception of attention span,
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but our related cognitive skills.
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And they're raising a few red flags,
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but obviously the caveats of small samples and tasks that are very different from our everyday lives.
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Now I want to know if I'm scrolling TikTok every night before bed for two hours, am I just generally having a worse perspective memory in my life
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or is that confined to just right after I use it?
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Long -term studies would actually really inform and maybe guide better ethics and policy in designing the interface.
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I think this is actually something that could really impact the quality of life of people, probably, and provide the evidence that maybe something has to change.
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In 1890, the pioneering American psychologist William James wrote, My experience is what I agree to attend to.
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My experience is what I agree to attend to.
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And there's more.
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He said, Only those items which I notice shape my mind.
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Without selective interest, the consciousness of every creature would be a gray, chaotic, indiscriminateness impossible for us even to conceive.
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135 years later, a consciousness of chaotic indiscriminateness is not impossible to conceive.
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It's how I often feel when I lose myself in a feed.
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Even when that feed is full of things that are educational and funny or beautiful or really useful, Genuinely, my relationship to mangoes will never be the same.
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And yet, I keep coming back to this question of user agency, or what James called selective interest.
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Agency is at the heart of both analytical thinking and perspective memory.
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Those weird little tests are basically asking if your brain is on autopilot, or if you can slow down, make a turn, remember where you intended to go.
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It's not just your intentions that get lost.
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Feeds that nudge the customers into autopilot tend to nudge the cooks into autopilot too.
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Scientists just created...
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Here's what would happen...
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Scientists just...
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Here's what would happen...
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Scientists just...
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I bet you...
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I bet you...
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But not everyone.
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Last time I checked Smarter Every Day, you guys had not posted anything into the shorts feed.
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Is that still the case?
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That's the case.
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I have elected not to do that because I don't think it's good for people.
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I don't think the infinite scroll is healthy for our minds.
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It's easy for me to say this because Smarter Every Day has been around for a while.
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And there's a lot of really awesome people that support the channel.
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But I think saying no to shorts is powerful.
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And I think it ultimately increases trust in the creator.
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I could be wrong about that, but I don't know.
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That's where I'm at.
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Dustin's such a good guy.
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Yeah, I mean, I think, you know, obviously, we want to be acting with integrity
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and sort of like living our values in all parts of our life, including the way we make this channel.
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But like having bite sized information, you know, when I was at NPR, we would make three minute radio pieces all the time, right?
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That was like a pretty typical length.
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And I didn't feel like those were bad for the world, just because it was a compressed amount of information about a complex subject.
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I thought like, oh, this is good.
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Like, someone is learning something that they wouldn't otherwise know.
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The question is do we want to participate in this in these endless scrolls?
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I don't know if you see these comments sometimes on our shorts.
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This one says like your contents are the most anti brain rot Content out there actually genuine
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and very high quality and then someone responded
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No such thing as anti brain rot content when it's short form
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So that's basically kind of the question that we need to answer.
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Yeah, yeah, that's right.
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Is there such thing as a good short?
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As an anti -brainrod short?
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What do you think?
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Is this research strong enough that we should be making a change?
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Let us know in the comments.
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You can also find more of my conversation with Destin
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and hear Adam and I processing all of this over on our Patreon.
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And if you're interested in meditation, which is arguably the opposite of binging a shorts feed?
361
Click the link in our description to try Headspace free for 60 days.
362
That deal doesn't last, so try it now, see how your mind responds.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível B2 usa o vídeo “What the actual science says about "brain rot"”. Este vídeo tem 362 frases e 4405 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 25:29. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 173 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 83% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| scroll substantivo | /skɹoʊl/ | pergaminho, rolo |
| cognitive adjetivo | /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv/ | cognitivo |
| researcher substantivo | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | pesquisador, pesquisadora |
| span substantivo | /spæn/ | palmo |
| autopilot substantivo | /ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət/ | piloto automático |
| morsel substantivo | /ˈmɔɹsəl/ | porção, gota |
| distract verbo | /dɪˈstɹækt/ | distrair |
| interface substantivo | /ˈɪn(t)ɚˌfeɪs/ | interface |
| goldfish substantivo | /ˈɡoʊldfɪʃ/ | doirada, peixinho dourado |
| addict substantivo | /ˈæd.ɪkt/ | viciado, adicto |
| snack substantivo | /snæk/ | lanche, comidinha |
| cognitively advérbio | /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv.li/ | cognitivamente |
| conceive verbo | /kənˈsiːv/ | conceber |
| dissociate verbo | /dɪˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪt/ | distanciar-se, afastar-se |
| personalization substantivo | /ˌpɝs(ə)nəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ | personalização |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| figure out verbo | descobrir, deduzir | |
| cross out verbo | riscar | |
| go back verbo | voltar | |
| make up verbo | /ˌmeɪk ˈʌp/ | compensar |
| pick up verbo | pegar | |
| set aside verbo | /sɛt.əˈsaɪd/ | separar |
| sit down verbo | sentar-se | |
| slow down verbo | desacelerar |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- We're all addicted to this.
- We're not running on vibes over here.
- Have our attention spans really shrunk?
- Has something changed about your brain?
- Is it your memory, your reasoning?
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — uma ação que começou antes e continua | I've been wanting · I've been trying · you've been researching |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | I've been · has actually tested · has introduced |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | had not been done · be attributed · are personalized |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | course, which is · people who meditated · people who have |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 76 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, I'm, I've. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: algorithm /ˈælɡəɹɪðm̩/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/, ethics /ˈɛθ.ɪks/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: goldfish /ˈɡoʊldfɪʃ/, redaction /ɹəˈdækʃən/, meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, dissociate /dɪˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, personalization /ˌpɝs(ə)nəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: autopilot /ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət/, analytical /ˌæn.əˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/, cognitively /ˈkɑɡ.nɪ.tɪv.li/, dissociate /dɪˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪt/, personalization /ˌpɝs(ə)nəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: swipe /swaɪp/, autopilot /ˈɔtoʊˌpaɪlət/, distract /dɪˈstɹækt/, addict /ˈæd.ɪkt/, snack /snæk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: scroll /skɹoʊl/, morsel /ˈmɔɹsəl/, analytical /ˌæn.əˈlɪt.ɪ.kəl/, vegetable /ˈvɛd͡ʒ.tə.bəl/, install /ɪnˈstɔl/
- s + consoante no início — sem um “i” antes: scroll /skɹoʊl/, swipe /swaɪp/, span /spæn/, snack /snæk/, sponsor /ˈspɒn.səː/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como scroll, cognitive, researcher.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.