Практика Shadowing: Every Hardware Protocol Explained Simply in 10 Minutes! - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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your computer, your phone, your car.
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Every electronic device you own has dozens of tiny components inside it.
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And all of those components need a way to talk to each other.
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That is what hardware protocols do.
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They are the rules that let chips, sensors, and controllers exchange data reliably.
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Some protocols use four wires, some use two.
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And one of them uses just a single wire for everything.
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Each one was designed to solve a different problem.
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Here is every major hardware protocol, explained simply.
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UART, which stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter, is one of the oldest ways two devices can communicate with each other.
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It has been around for decades, and it is still one of the first protocols most engineers learn.
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UART uses just two wires.
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One wire sends data, the other wire receives data.
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That is the entire setup.
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The word asynchronous is important here.
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It means there is no shared clock signal between the two devices.
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Instead, both sides agree on a communication speed before they start talking.
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That speed is called the baud rate.
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Common baud rates are 9600 and 1150200 bits per second.
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Think of it like two people agreeing to speak at the same pace before a phone call.
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If one person talks too fast and the other listens too slow, the conversation breaks down completely.
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You will find UART everywhere.
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Arduino boards, GPS modules, Bluetooth adapters, debug consoles, and many embedded systems still rely on it today.
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It is not the fastest protocol out there.
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It can only connect two devices at a time, point to point.
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And there is no error correction built in, so if data gets corrupted during transmission, neither side will know unless you add your own checks.
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But the reason engineers keep using it after all these years is because it is dead simple to set up.
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You connect two wires, set the baud rate on both devices, and you are good to go.
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No complicated configuration.
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No addressing scheme.
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No extra hardware required.
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When you just need two devices to talk, and simplicity matters more than speed, UART is still the first choice for most hardware projects.
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SPI, which stands for Serial Peripheral Interface.
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This protocol is a clear step up from UART in both speed and capability.
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Instead of two wires, SPI uses four.
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There is a clock wire that keeps both devices in sync.
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A MOSI wire, which stands for MLAV-IN, sends data from the master to the slave.
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A MISO wire, which stands for master in slave out, sends data back from the slave to the master.
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And a chip select wire that tells the system which device the master wants to talk to.
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The big difference between SPI and UART is that SPI is synchronous.
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That clock wire keeps both devices running at exactly the same timing.
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The master device controls the clock and the slave devices follow it exactly.
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No guessing.
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No mismatch.
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No baud rate negotiation.
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Think of it like a conductor leading an orchestra.
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Everyone plays at the exact same tempo because they are all following the same beat.
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SPI is fast.
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Much faster than both UART and I2C.
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Some SPI implementations can reach speeds of tens of megabits per second.
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You will find it inside SD cards, display screens, flash memory chips, and sensors that need to move large amounts of data quickly.
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But there is a clear downside.
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Every additional device you connect needs its own dedicated chip select wire.
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So if you connect five devices, you need five extra wires just for device selection.
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That adds up fast on a real circuit board.
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SPI is the best choice when you need raw speed and only have a small number of devices.
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But if you need to connect many devices at once, that wiring cost becomes a real problem.
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I2C, which stands for Inter-Integrated Circuit.
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This protocol solves the biggest problem SPI has.
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It only uses two wires, one for data called SDA and one for the clock called SCL.
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And on those same two wires, you can connect up to 127 different devices.
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No extra wires needed no matter how many devices you add.
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How does it manage that?
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Every device on the I2C bus has its own unique address, like a phone number.
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When the master wants to talk to a specific device, it broadcasts that address on the bus first.
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Every device connected hears the call, but only the device with the matching address responds.
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Think of it like a group chat where everyone is on the same line, but each person only speaks up when their name is called.
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This addressing system is what makes I2C so efficient with wiring.
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You will find I2C in temperature sensors, OLED displays, gyroscopes, accelerometers, real-time clock modules,
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and many small components that report data back to a main controller.
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It is probably the most popular protocol for connecting multiple low-speed sensors to a single microcontroller.
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The trade-off is speed.
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I2C is noticeably slower than SPI because all devices share the same two wires.
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The more devices you put on the bus, the more traffic there is and communication can slow down.
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There is also a hard limit of 127 addresses, so you cannot go beyond that.
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But for most real-world projects, 127 is far more than enough.
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When you need to connect 10 or 20 small sensors without turning your circuit board into a wiring nightmare, I2C is the best option available.
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For most engineers, that wiring simplicity is worth the speed trade-off.
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CAN, which stands for Controller Area Network.
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This protocol was invented by Bosch in 1983, and it was designed for one specific environment.
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Cars.
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Think about a modern car for a second.
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It has dozens of small computers inside.
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The engine control unit, the braking system, the airbags, the dashboard, the transmission controller, the power steering module.
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All of these systems need to talk to each other constantly.
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And they cannot afford to fail, because failure in a car can mean a serious accident.
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CAN uses two wires, called CAN-high and CAN-low.
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Every device on the network sends and receives data on those same two wires.
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But here is what makes CAN different from everything else on this list.
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It has a built-in priority system called arbitration.
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If two devices try to send a message at the exact same time, the CAN protocol automatically compares the message IDs and lets the higher priority message go through first.
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The lower priority message backs off and tries again.
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No data is lost.
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No collision.
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No crash.
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The system just handles it on its own.
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That kind of reliability is why CAN is not just in passenger cars.
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You will find it in trucks, industrial robots, factory automation lines, agricultural equipment, and even medical devices.
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Anywhere that communication failure is not acceptable, CAN is the protocol engineers trust.
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It is not the fastest protocol.
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It is more complex to set up than UART or I2C.
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But when reliability matters more than raw speed, CAN is one of the most battle-tested protocols ever designed.
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It has been keeping cars safe for over 40 years now.
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RS-232 This is one of the oldest serial communication standards still in use today.
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It was first defined back in 1960, which means it is over 60 years old, and engineers still rely on it.
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RS-232 connects two devices in a simple point-to-point setup.
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One device talks to one device.
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No bus.
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No network.
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Just a direct connection.
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It transmits data by using voltage levels to represent ones and zeros.
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But unlike UART, which typically uses low voltages like 0 and 3.3 volts or 0 and 5 volts, RS-232 uses much larger voltage swings.
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A logic 0 is represented by a positive voltage up to plus 15 volts.
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A logic 1 is represented by a negative voltage down to minus 15 volts.
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That large voltage difference was intentional.
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The bigger the swing between high and low, the harder it is for electrical noise to corrupt the signal.
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That means RS-232 works more reliably over longer cable distances than UART does.
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You might recognize RS-232 from the old 9-pin connector called DB9 that used to be on the back of every desktop computer.
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Today, you will not find it on any modern laptop or consumer device.
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USB replaced it a long time ago.
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But RS-232 is still alive and well in industrial settings.
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Factory machines, scientific instruments, point-of-sale terminals, networking equipment, and CNC machines all still use RS-232 connections
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Engineers use USB-to-RS-232 adapter cables all the time to communicate with legacy equipment
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that was built decades ago and still runs perfectly fine When something works and does not break,
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nobody replaces it That is exactly why RS-232 is still around after more than 60 years One wire
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The name tells you everything about this protocol.
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It communicates using just one single wire.
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And here is the interesting part.
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That same wire also supplies power to the connected device at the same time.
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One wire handles both data and power.
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That is the most minimal wiring you can possibly have.
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One wire was developed by Dallas Semiconductor, which is now part of Maxim Integrated.
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Each one-wire device comes with a unique 64-bit ID that is burned into the chip at the factory.
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That ID can never be changed and is globally unique, so even if you connect dozens of devices on the same single wire,
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the master can identify every single one and talk to each one individually.
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The communication works like this.
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The wire voltage sits high by default.
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When a device needs to send data, it pulls the voltage low for a very precise amount of time of time.
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A short low pulse means one thing.
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A longer low pulse means something else.
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The exact timing determines whether the signal represents a 1 or a 0.
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The most famous one-wire device ever made is the DS-Wate8B20 temperature sensor.
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It is cheap, accurate, and you can daisy-chain dozens of them on a single wire.
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You will also find one wire in iButton security keys, battery fuel gauges inside laptops, and HVAC temperature monitoring systems.
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The obvious downside is speed.
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One wire, is much slower than SPI, I2C, or even UART.
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You would never use it for anything that requires fast data transfer.
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But when all you need is a simple sensor reading, and you want the absolute minimum amount of wiring possible, nothing beats one wire.
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One wire for data.
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One wire for power.
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Same wire.
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That is all it takes.
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Anyway, I also made some other cool videos too.
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Do not forget to watch them later.
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Okay.
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