ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Introduction to Economics Part 1 - Professor Ryan
เลือกโหมดฝึก
แต่ละโหมดจะเปิดห้องฝึกแบบเต็มจอ
214 ประโยค
หากประโยคสั้นหรือยาวเกินไป กดที่ Edit เพื่อปรับแก้
1
Alright folks, welcome to a semester in economics.
2
And what we're going to do in this very first lesson is we are going to define economics
3
and try to get an understanding of what it is exactly, this subject that we're learning.
4
So you should have a notebook in front of you
5
or some paper so that you can take notes and I recommend
6
that you write down everything
7
that I write down up here on the board in your notes
8
so that you can study and add a few extra notes of things
9
that I say or maybe some things that will trigger memories while you're learning this stuff, okay?
10
So what is economics?
11
Well I have my own definition, there's probably several definitions out there, I'm sure there are plenty of textbooks that have definitions of economics.
12
Well there's one in particular that I like to work from and I'm going to give you that definition right now.
13
And after I give you that definition, so we're going to say economics.
14
What is economics?
15
All right.
16
After I give you my definition, I'm going to break down the definition into four main pieces
17
so that you can have a better understanding of how we're going to focus on learning this semester.
18
Okay.
19
So here's my definition of economics.
20
To me, economics is the scientific study of how individuals,
21
that's like people, right?
22
Individual people.
23
Organizations.
24
Organizations.
25
So that's like businesses or maybe government organizations or not -for -profit organizations.
26
You know, groups of people who come together to either make a profit or achieve some kind of goal.
27
Or, let's say, or societies.
28
Now, a society is like an entire country or an entire city or an entire state.
29
Okay, change that to a societies
30
or societies deal with the problem of scarcity.
31
Scarcity.
32
Okay, that's S -C -A -R -C -I -T -Y.
33
Scarcity.
34
That word right there, scarcity, that is the main word in economics.
35
That is the most important word in economics.
36
If I were to give you a much simpler definition of economics, I would just simply say it is the study of scarcity.
37
And I'm going to talk about scarcity in just a few minutes.
38
So there are four main elements of this definition.
39
The first thing I want to tell you is that economics itself is scientific.
40
that it focuses on individuals, organizations, and societies.
41
So that's its own one category.
42
Economics has to do with how these groups or individuals, how they deal with.
43
Now, the idea of dealing with is the idea of making a decision.
44
When you want to deal with something, when you get a flat tire, you have to deal with that flat tire.
45
And what that means is to make decisions about how to handle that flat tire.
46
So dealing with is the idea of decision making.
47
Having to make a decision.
48
A decision about what?
49
Well, a decision about the fact that you are facing the problem of scarcity.
50
You as an individual are facing the problem of scarcity.
51
Or an organization is facing the problem of scarcity or an entire society, a country, or a state,
52
or a city, is facing the problem of scarcity.
53
And like I said, I'm going to define scarcity in just a little bit.
54
Okay, so here are the four things we're going to focus on.
55
Is economics as scientific, economics as focusing on individuals, organizations, and societies, economics as dealing with decision making,
56
and economics as handling the problem of scarcity.
57
So in order to do that, what I want you to do right now is I want you to, on your notes, in your paper, I'm going to break up the board into four quadrants,
58
like this, four quadrants.
59
And I think you should also break up your notes into four quadrants.
60
And we're going to put each one of these subjects in each one of these quadrants.
61
So economics is scientific.
62
So we're going to talk about what that means.
63
Economics is concerned with individuals and organizations.
64
or firms, and societies, whole, large groups of individuals.
65
That economics focuses on dealing with, deal with, what does it mean to deal with something?
66
Okay?
67
And then lastly, we have the problem of scarcity.
68
The problem of scarcity.
69
Okay?
70
So we're going to take these one at a time in the order that they are in the definition.
71
So economics is scientific.
72
Alright, so economics is a science.
73
There are scientific journals animals devoted to economics.
74
There are people, researchers, people who get paid lots of money, well they probably don't get paid as much as they want to get paid,
75
but nonetheless, there are people who get paid money just to do research on economics, research on the problem of scarcity,
76
research on individuals, organizations, and societies and how they deal with the problem of scarcity.
77
And because economics is scientific, there are certain things that go along with all science.
78
And two of those things that we're going to focus on, we're not going to do all of science, but the two main things I want you to understand is that in science,
79
when we approach a subject in science,
80
we have to make assumptions and we have to draw conclusions.
81
We make assumptions and we draw conclusions.
82
Now I want to clarify something here, and that is this class is a principles of economics class.
83
This is not some masters or PhD level class where we're going to dig very deep into the research of economics.
84
What you're supposed to be learning in this class are the basic, foundational, fundamental principles of economics.
85
And that's what I'm going to focus on.
86
So here's what I'm going to do.
87
When we talk about these assumptions and conclusions, especially the assumptions, I want you to understand that the assumptions
88
that we're going to use in this economics class might not be the kinds of assumptions
89
that would be used in a much higher level economics class.
90
So if you decide that you're going to someday get a masters or a PhD in economics, you might find out something,
91
you might learn something in that economics class and think back to this class and say, wow, Professor Ryan was wrong.
92
What you have to understand is that the assumptions
93
that we're going to make are important when you're at the beginning stages of learning economics.
94
So I'm warning you that some of the things that we're going to learn throughout this semester, some of the things that I'm going to teach you, are really only foundational principles.
95
But when you get to higher levels of economics,
96
oftentimes we relax or eliminate those foundational concepts and augment them into something much more detailed or much larger or much grander.
97
So I'm warning you in advance.
98
This is a principles class.
99
You are learning the basics of economics, okay?
100
Alright, so, one of the basic assumptions, well, I'm going to give you two basic assumptions in economics.
101
The first one is called the Ceteris, that's C -E -T -E -R -I -S, Paribus.
102
That's P -A -R -I -B -U -S.
103
That's the Ceteris Paribus Assumption.
104
I'm going to put quote marks around it.
105
What does ceteris paribus mean?
106
Ceteris paribus basically means to examine one variable by not changing any of the other variables.
107
You are holding everything else constant so that you can isolate the effects of a single variable on some other phenomenon.
108
Okay, so Ceteris Paribus says that we're isolating all other variables so that we can examine one variable that's changing,
109
because here's what's going to happen in this class is I'm going to say something like, hey, when things are cheaper,
110
people buy more of it.
111
And then you're going to say, well, not always.
112
Sometimes when things are cheaper, people don't want them at all.
113
And I'm going to say, you know what?
114
You're right.
115
Sometimes things are so cheap that people don't want them at all.
116
But I'm using the ceteris paribus assumption.
117
We're going to assume that it's the kind of product that everybody wants.
118
And so now, if it's a product that everybody wants and the price goes down, people are going to buy more of it because they do want it.
119
We're going to assume that it is something that people want.
120
So for example, if the price of garbage goes down, people may say, no, I don't want any more garbage.
121
I'm trying to get rid of my garbage.
122
Well, yes, I agree with you.
123
But if we're talking about something normal, like a cheeseburger, or french fries, or a car, then we can assume,
124
ceteris paribus, that when the price goes down, that people will buy more of it, okay?
125
So that's our first assumption in economics, is the ceteris paribus assumption.
126
The second assumption, what is the second assumption?
127
Oh, the second assumption is rationality, rationality, okay?
128
Now, this is a really, really, we got to be very flexible with this rationality assumption,
129
assumption, but we're still going to use this rationality assumption in this principles class.
130
Here's what the rationality assumption says.
131
The rationality assumption says that people in general are rational decision makers.
132
Meaning, if you give them a choice of whether they can have $20 or $30,
133
that they will choose $30 every single time.
134
And you might say to yourself, oh, there must be some kind of catch.
135
No, I'm telling you, there's no catch.
136
Your choices are $20 or $30.
137
Which one do you want?
138
Everything else is the same.
139
And then, obviously, the rational person is going to say, well, I'd rather have more money than less money, so I'm going to take $30.
140
Yes, exactly.
141
We're going to assume that you are a rational person, that I am a rational person, that I want more good stuff,
142
and I want less bad stuff in my life.
143
That is rationality, okay?
144
So that's the second assumption.
145
And because economics is scientific, we have to start somewhere, and where we're going to start is that we're only going to look at one variable at a time,
146
and then also we're going to assume that people are making rational decisions,
147
that they're not insane, that they are not out to get worse things for themselves, and less better things.
148
No, that doesn't make any sense.
149
We're going to assume that the people, that the individuals, the organizations, and societies that we're dealing with are rational.
150
Okay?
151
All right, now let's move on to conclusions.
152
Oftentimes what we do in economics is after we learn something new or after we understand something,
153
we then draw a conclusion, right?
154
And here's how it goes.
155
For example, let's say that people are spending more of their money on one kind of cereal.
156
People are spending more money on Lucky Charms than they are spending on Cheerios.
157
And so we might draw a conclusion.
158
Well, if people are buying more Lucky Charms than Cheerios and Ceteris Paribus, they both have the same price,
159
then people must like here I'm going to draw a conclusion now.
160
Well, I'm now going to conclude that people prefer Lucky Charms over Cheerios.
161
Now that may not be true in reality, but in my example that is a conclusion.
162
And often times when we draw conclusions in economics there are two kinds of conclusions that we can draw.
163
We can draw or we can come to conclusions that are what we call positive conclusions or normative conclusions.
164
And what we're going to try and focus on in this class is we're going to primarily focus on positive conclusions, not normative conclusions.
165
positive means let's see here what is what is and normative conclusions are what should
166
be what should be we are going to avoid the what
167
should be conclusions now you're going to want to make some
168
normative conclusions as you go through this class you're going to say oh because of that, that means that's terrible, then this is what we should do.
169
So for example, you might say, oh, we might find out economically that there are people in this world who can't have health care.
170
They can't get help when they're sick.
171
And you may think to yourself, oh my goodness.
172
Now, the fact that we conclude that there are people who don't get medical help.
173
That is a positive conclusion.
174
It's just a truth.
175
Nobody would argue.
176
Generally speaking, people do not argue over positive conclusions.
177
And so what I'm going to put over here is, I'm going to say here, no arguments.
178
No arguments over positive economics.
179
Sometimes we call it positive economics and normative economics.
180
So I'm going to put positive econ, and here it's going to be normative econ, okay?
181
So in positive economics, generally, people do not argue over the truth.
182
Everybody agrees that 17 % of the people get no health care at all.
183
Yes.
184
What do your numbers say?
185
17%.
186
What do your numbers say?
187
17%.
188
We all agree there's no argument, but here's where it becomes argumentative, okay?
189
People disagree over what that means we should do.
190
People disagree because of their values, because of their value judgments, okay?
191
So, values, because of their values, people disagree on normative economics about what should be done.
192
And what some people are going to say is, wow, well, those 17 % of people, they should be able to get medical care.
193
And therefore, what we should do is take some money from somewhere and give those people medical care.
194
And some other person, because they have different values, they're going to say, no, that's not what it means at all.
195
That would be very expensive.
196
We can't take money away from those other things to give health care to these people.
197
They're just going to have to deal with not having health care.
198
And this is where people argue is in the normative economics.
199
We will do a little bit of normative economics and you will hear me make statements that are related to normative economics.
200
And I may say some things that you will disagree with.
201
And when you disagree with me, chances are you have different values than I have.
202
And that's okay.
203
You can have different values than me.
204
You should have different values than me you can have very similar values, but generally speaking, every human being has a different set of values.
205
And so we're going to disagree sometimes on what should be done.
206
But positive economics is what is, generally speaking, there are no arguments over that.
207
And here's what I'm telling you.
208
As far as positive economics, one of the things that we're going to learn in positive economics is the fact
209
that when the price of something goes down, people do buy more of it.
210
And we're going to get to that in a much later lesson.
211
Okay?
212
But that's an example of positive economics.
213
All right.
214
So economics is scientific.
ดาวน์โหลดแอป
ทุกอย่างที่ต้องใช้เพื่อพูดได้คล่อง
AI ให้คะแนนการออกเสียงให้คะแนนทุกประโยค
ฝึก IPAเชี่ยวชาญทุกเสียง
คำศัพท์สร้างคลังคำของคุณ
เกมคำศัพท์เล่นไปเรียนไป
ช่องเดียวกัน
FOR YOU
วิดีโอแนะนำ
B21
425 ประโยค
NEW- Micro Unit 1 Summary- Basic Economic Concepts
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
22 ประโยค
Introduction To Networking - Different Types Of Networks | Networking Fundamentals Part 2 (revised)
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B215
61 ประโยค
CONTEMPORARY TOPICS UNIT 10 ECONOMICS THE EVOLUTION OF MONEY
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
197 ประโยค
Why Trillions of Foreign Aid Hasn’t Solved Poverty
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
362 ประโยค
How The Economic Machine Works by Ray Dalio
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
444 ประโยค
INTRODUCTION INTO HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT - LECTURE 01
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
258 ประโยค
What is Accounting ? An Introduction to Accounting.
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B25
29 ประโยค
What is Social Science?
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1134 ประโยค
What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
166 ประโยค
The 'Luxury Poverty' Trap, Explained
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B210
209 ประโยค
Better English Conversations: Increase Your Economic Vocabulary
American AccentBusiness EnglishDaily ConversationUniversity Students
คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดนี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Introduction to Economics Part 1 - Professor Ryan” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: economics, assumption, conclusion, scarcity, positive วิดีโอนี้มี 212 ประโยค และ 2506 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 17:43 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วสม่ำเสมอ ประมาณ 141 คำต่อนาที เหมาะกับการฝึกพูดตาม 85% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| economics คำนาม | /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/ | เศรษฐศาสตร์ |
| principle คำนาม | /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/ | หลัก, คติ |
| argue คำกริยา | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | เถียง, ถก |
| garbage คำนาม | /ˈɡɑɹ.bɪd͡ʒ/ | กาก, ขยะ |
| tire คำกริยา | /ˈtaɪ̯ɚ/ | เหนื่อย |
| lesson คำนาม | /ˈlɛs.ən/ | บทเรียน |
| conclude คำกริยา | /kənˈkluːd/ | ปิดท้าย |
| element คำนาม | /ˈɛləmənt/ | ธาตุ |
| insane คำคุณศัพท์ | /ɪnˈseɪn/ | บ้า |
| fundamental คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ | พื้นฐาน, เบื้องต้น |
| relax คำกริยา | /ɹɪˈlæks/ | ผ่อนคลาย |
| trigger คำนาม | /ˈtɹɪɡɚ/ | ไก, ไกปืน |
| flexible คำคุณศัพท์ | /ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/ | ยืดหยุ่น |
| phenomenon คำนาม | /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/ | ปรากฏการณ์ |
| researcher คำนาม | /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ | นักวิจัย |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- I'm going to put quote marks around it.
- And I'm going to say, you know what?
- I'm trying to get rid of my garbage.
- Which one do you want?
- What do your numbers say?
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | people who come · people who get · people who don |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | is called · should be done |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 77 ครั้ง เช่น we're, I'm, you're ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, foundational /faʊnˈdeɪ.ʃə.nəl/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, phenomenon /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, principle /ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/, garbage /ˈɡɑɹ.bɪd͡ʒ/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: variable [ˈvæɹ.i.ə.bl̩], devote /dɪˈvəʊt/, normative /ˈnɔːmətɪv/, argumentative /ˌɑɹɡjəˈmɛn(t)ətɪv/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, oftentimes /ˈɔf.ənˌtaɪmz/, cheeseburger /ˈtʃizˌbɝ.ɡɚ/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- พูดตามทีละประโยคด้วยความเร็วปกติ ทำซ้ำแต่ละประโยคจนจังหวะของคุณตรงกับผู้พูด
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง economics, principle, argue เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ