Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Introduction to Economics Part 1 - Professor Ryan

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Alright folks, welcome to a semester in economics.

And what we're going to do in this very first lesson is we are going to define economics

and try to get an understanding of what it is exactly, this subject that we're learning.

So you should have a notebook in front of you

or some paper so that you can take notes and I recommend

that you write down everything

that I write down up here on the board in your notes

so that you can study and add a few extra notes of things

that I say or maybe some things that will trigger memories while you're learning this stuff, okay?

So what is economics?

Well I have my own definition, there's probably several definitions out there, I'm sure there are plenty of textbooks that have definitions of economics.

Well there's one in particular that I like to work from and I'm going to give you that definition right now.

And after I give you that definition, so we're going to say economics.

What is economics?

All right.

After I give you my definition, I'm going to break down the definition into four main pieces

so that you can have a better understanding of how we're going to focus on learning this semester.

Okay.

So here's my definition of economics.

To me, economics is the scientific study of how individuals,

that's like people, right?

Individual people.

Organizations.

So that's like businesses or maybe government organizations or not -for -profit organizations.

You know, groups of people who come together to either make a profit or achieve some kind of goal.

Or, let's say, or societies.

Now, a society is like an entire country or an entire city or an entire state.

Okay, change that to a societies

or societies deal with the problem of scarcity.

Scarcity.

Okay, that's S -C -A -R -C -I -T -Y.

Scarcity.

That word right there, scarcity, that is the main word in economics.

That is the most important word in economics.

If I were to give you a much simpler definition of economics, I would just simply say it is the study of scarcity.

And I'm going to talk about scarcity in just a few minutes.

So there are four main elements of this definition.

The first thing I want to tell you is that economics itself is scientific.

that it focuses on individuals, organizations, and societies.

So that's its own one category.

Economics has to do with how these groups or individuals, how they deal with.

Now, the idea of dealing with is the idea of making a decision.

When you want to deal with something, when you get a flat tire, you have to deal with that flat tire.

And what that means is to make decisions about how to handle that flat tire.

So dealing with is the idea of decision making.

Having to make a decision.

A decision about what?

Well, a decision about the fact that you are facing the problem of scarcity.

You as an individual are facing the problem of scarcity.

Or an organization is facing the problem of scarcity or an entire society, a country, or a state,

or a city, is facing the problem of scarcity.

And like I said, I'm going to define scarcity in just a little bit.

Okay, so here are the four things we're going to focus on.

Is economics as scientific, economics as focusing on individuals, organizations, and societies, economics as dealing with decision making,

and economics as handling the problem of scarcity.

So in order to do that, what I want you to do right now is I want you to, on your notes, in your paper, I'm going to break up the board into four quadrants,

like this, four quadrants.

And I think you should also break up your notes into four quadrants.

And we're going to put each one of these subjects in each one of these quadrants.

So economics is scientific.

So we're going to talk about what that means.

Economics is concerned with individuals and organizations.

or firms, and societies, whole, large groups of individuals.

That economics focuses on dealing with, deal with, what does it mean to deal with something?

Okay?

And then lastly, we have the problem of scarcity.

The problem of scarcity.

Okay?

So we're going to take these one at a time in the order that they are in the definition.

So economics is scientific.

Alright, so economics is a science.

There are scientific journals animals devoted to economics.

There are people, researchers, people who get paid lots of money, well they probably don't get paid as much as they want to get paid,

but nonetheless, there are people who get paid money just to do research on economics, research on the problem of scarcity,

research on individuals, organizations, and societies and how they deal with the problem of scarcity.

And because economics is scientific, there are certain things that go along with all science.

And two of those things that we're going to focus on, we're not going to do all of science, but the two main things I want you to understand is that in science,

when we approach a subject in science,

we have to make assumptions and we have to draw conclusions.

We make assumptions and we draw conclusions.

Now I want to clarify something here, and that is this class is a principles of economics class.

This is not some masters or PhD level class where we're going to dig very deep into the research of economics.

What you're supposed to be learning in this class are the basic, foundational, fundamental principles of economics.

And that's what I'm going to focus on.

So here's what I'm going to do.

When we talk about these assumptions and conclusions, especially the assumptions, I want you to understand that the assumptions

that we're going to use in this economics class might not be the kinds of assumptions

that would be used in a much higher level economics class.

So if you decide that you're going to someday get a masters or a PhD in economics, you might find out something,

you might learn something in that economics class and think back to this class and say, wow, Professor Ryan was wrong.

What you have to understand is that the assumptions

that we're going to make are important when you're at the beginning stages of learning economics.

So I'm warning you that some of the things that we're going to learn throughout this semester, some of the things that I'm going to teach you, are really only foundational principles.

But when you get to higher levels of economics,

oftentimes we relax or eliminate those foundational concepts and augment them into something much more detailed or much larger or much grander.

So I'm warning you in advance.

This is a principles class.

You are learning the basics of economics, okay?

100

Alright, so, one of the basic assumptions, well, I'm going to give you two basic assumptions in economics.

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The first one is called the Ceteris, that's C -E -T -E -R -I -S, Paribus.

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That's P -A -R -I -B -U -S.

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That's the Ceteris Paribus Assumption.

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I'm going to put quote marks around it.

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What does ceteris paribus mean?

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Ceteris paribus basically means to examine one variable by not changing any of the other variables.

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You are holding everything else constant so that you can isolate the effects of a single variable on some other phenomenon.

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Okay, so Ceteris Paribus says that we're isolating all other variables so that we can examine one variable that's changing,

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because here's what's going to happen in this class is I'm going to say something like, hey, when things are cheaper,

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people buy more of it.

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And then you're going to say, well, not always.

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Sometimes when things are cheaper, people don't want them at all.

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And I'm going to say, you know what?

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You're right.

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Sometimes things are so cheap that people don't want them at all.

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But I'm using the ceteris paribus assumption.

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We're going to assume that it's the kind of product that everybody wants.

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And so now, if it's a product that everybody wants and the price goes down, people are going to buy more of it because they do want it.

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We're going to assume that it is something that people want.

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So for example, if the price of garbage goes down, people may say, no, I don't want any more garbage.

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I'm trying to get rid of my garbage.

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Well, yes, I agree with you.

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But if we're talking about something normal, like a cheeseburger, or french fries, or a car, then we can assume,

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ceteris paribus, that when the price goes down, that people will buy more of it, okay?

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So that's our first assumption in economics, is the ceteris paribus assumption.

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The second assumption, what is the second assumption?

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Oh, the second assumption is rationality, rationality, okay?

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Now, this is a really, really, we got to be very flexible with this rationality assumption,

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assumption, but we're still going to use this rationality assumption in this principles class.

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Here's what the rationality assumption says.

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The rationality assumption says that people in general are rational decision makers.

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Meaning, if you give them a choice of whether they can have $20 or $30,

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that they will choose $30 every single time.

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And you might say to yourself, oh, there must be some kind of catch.

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No, I'm telling you, there's no catch.

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Your choices are $20 or $30.

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Which one do you want?

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Everything else is the same.

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And then, obviously, the rational person is going to say, well, I'd rather have more money than less money, so I'm going to take $30.

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Yes, exactly.

141

We're going to assume that you are a rational person, that I am a rational person, that I want more good stuff,

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and I want less bad stuff in my life.

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That is rationality, okay?

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So that's the second assumption.

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And because economics is scientific, we have to start somewhere, and where we're going to start is that we're only going to look at one variable at a time,

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and then also we're going to assume that people are making rational decisions,

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that they're not insane, that they are not out to get worse things for themselves, and less better things.

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No, that doesn't make any sense.

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We're going to assume that the people, that the individuals, the organizations, and societies that we're dealing with are rational.

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Okay?

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All right, now let's move on to conclusions.

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Oftentimes what we do in economics is after we learn something new or after we understand something,

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we then draw a conclusion, right?

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And here's how it goes.

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For example, let's say that people are spending more of their money on one kind of cereal.

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People are spending more money on Lucky Charms than they are spending on Cheerios.

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And so we might draw a conclusion.

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Well, if people are buying more Lucky Charms than Cheerios and Ceteris Paribus, they both have the same price,

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then people must like here I'm going to draw a conclusion now.

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Well, I'm now going to conclude that people prefer Lucky Charms over Cheerios.

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Now that may not be true in reality, but in my example that is a conclusion.

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And often times when we draw conclusions in economics there are two kinds of conclusions that we can draw.

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We can draw or we can come to conclusions that are what we call positive conclusions or normative conclusions.

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And what we're going to try and focus on in this class is we're going to primarily focus on positive conclusions, not normative conclusions.

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positive means let's see here what is what is and normative conclusions are what should

166

be what should be we are going to avoid the what

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should be conclusions now you're going to want to make some

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normative conclusions as you go through this class you're going to say oh because of that, that means that's terrible, then this is what we should do.

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So for example, you might say, oh, we might find out economically that there are people in this world who can't have health care.

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They can't get help when they're sick.

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And you may think to yourself, oh my goodness.

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Now, the fact that we conclude that there are people who don't get medical help.

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That is a positive conclusion.

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It's just a truth.

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Nobody would argue.

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Generally speaking, people do not argue over positive conclusions.

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And so what I'm going to put over here is, I'm going to say here, no arguments.

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No arguments over positive economics.

179

Sometimes we call it positive economics and normative economics.

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So I'm going to put positive econ, and here it's going to be normative econ, okay?

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So in positive economics, generally, people do not argue over the truth.

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Everybody agrees that 17 % of the people get no health care at all.

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Yes.

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What do your numbers say?

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17%.

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What do your numbers say?

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17%.

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We all agree there's no argument, but here's where it becomes argumentative, okay?

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People disagree over what that means we should do.

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People disagree because of their values, because of their value judgments, okay?

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So, values, because of their values, people disagree on normative economics about what should be done.

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And what some people are going to say is, wow, well, those 17 % of people, they should be able to get medical care.

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And therefore, what we should do is take some money from somewhere and give those people medical care.

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And some other person, because they have different values, they're going to say, no, that's not what it means at all.

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That would be very expensive.

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We can't take money away from those other things to give health care to these people.

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They're just going to have to deal with not having health care.

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And this is where people argue is in the normative economics.

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We will do a little bit of normative economics and you will hear me make statements that are related to normative economics.

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And I may say some things that you will disagree with.

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And when you disagree with me, chances are you have different values than I have.

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And that's okay.

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You can have different values than me.

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You should have different values than me you can have very similar values, but generally speaking, every human being has a different set of values.

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And so we're going to disagree sometimes on what should be done.

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But positive economics is what is, generally speaking, there are no arguments over that.

207

And here's what I'm telling you.

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As far as positive economics, one of the things that we're going to learn in positive economics is the fact

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that when the price of something goes down, people do buy more of it.

210

And we're going to get to that in a much later lesson.

211

Okay?

212

But that's an example of positive economics.

213

All right.

214

So economics is scientific.

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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Introduction to Economics Part 1 - Professor Ryan”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: economics, assumption, conclusion, scarcity, positive. Video này có 212 câu và 2506 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 17:43. Người nói giữ tốc độ đều, khoảng 141 từ mỗi phút, vừa sức để nói đuổi theo. 85% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:

Từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa
economics danh từ	/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/	kinh tế học
conclusion danh từ	/kənˈkluːʒən/	kết thúc
rational tính từ	/ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/	hợp lí, hợp lý
principle danh từ	/ˈpɹɪn.sɪ.pəl/	nguyên lí, nguyên tắc
argue động từ	/ˈɑɹ.ɡju/	tranh luận
garbage danh từ	/ˈɡɑɹ.bɪd͡ʒ/	rác
semester danh từ	/sɪˈmɛstɚ/	học kỳ, sáu tháng
lesson danh từ	/ˈlɛs.ən/	bài, bài học
element danh từ	/ˈɛləmənt/	yếu tố
insane tính từ	/ɪnˈseɪn/	điên, cuồng
trigger danh từ	/ˈtɹɪɡɚ/	cò
maker danh từ	/ˈmeɪk.ɚ/	người làm, người chế tạo
flexible tính từ	/ˈflɛk.sɪ.bəl/	co dãn, co giãn
goodness danh từ	/ˈɡʊdnəs/	lòng tốt
phenomenon danh từ	/fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/	hiện tượng

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Từ	Nghĩa
break down động từ	hỏng, hỏng hóc
write down động từ	viết ra, ghi xuống

Những câu đáng luyện lại

Các câu ngắn, trọn ý trong video mà bạn có thể dùng lại khi giao tiếp hằng ngày:

I'm going to put quote marks around it.
And I'm going to say, you know what?
I'm trying to get rid of my garbage.
Which one do you want?
What do your numbers say?

Ngữ pháp trong video

Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:

Cấu trúc	Trong video
Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật	people who come · people who get · people who don
Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm	is called · should be done

Phát âm cần chú ý

Người nói dùng 77 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ we're, I'm, you're. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.

Âm “sh” và “zh”: assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/, conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, foundational /faʊnˈdeɪ.ʃə.nəl/
Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, primarily /ˈpɹaɪ.mə.ɹə.li/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, eliminate /ɪˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/, phenomenon /fəˈnɒm.ɪ.nən/

Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:

Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: economics /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, element /ˈɛləmənt/, relax /ɹɪˈlæks/, judgment /ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ.mənt/, quadrant /ˈkwɑ.dɹənt/
Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: conclusion /kənˈkluːʒən/, garbage /ˈɡɑɹ.bɪd͡ʒ/, judgment /ˈd͡ʒʌd͡ʒ.mənt/, researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/, cheeseburger /ˈtʃizˌbɝ.ɡɚ/
Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: variable [ˈvæɹ.i.ə.bl̩], rational /ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/, examine /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, relax /ɹɪˈlæks/, clarify /ˈklæɹ.ɪ.faɪ/

Cách luyện với video này

Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
Nói đuổi từng câu ở tốc độ bình thường, lặp lại mỗi câu đến khi nhịp của bạn khớp với người nói.
Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như economics, conclusion, rational.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

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Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →

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