ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Scientists Are REALLY Close To Finding Planet 9

Okay, there is something strange happening in the outer solar system and we need to talk about it.

Astronomers have found a number of icy rocks that seemingly disobey the laws of physics.

They are moving through our solar system on strange orbits that can't be explained using the gravity of our known planets.

So what if there was something hiding?

A ninth planet.

In the outer reaches of our solar system there could be a huge icy world hidden in darkness and astronomers are getting really close to finding it.

So to get to the bottom of this, I called up the lead researcher hunting down Planet Nine.

I'm Konstantin Batygin.

I'm a professor of planetary astrophysics at California Institute of Technology and one of my obsessions over the last decade has been the search for Planet Nine.

The craziest thing is, I left that interview convinced that Planet Nine exists and surprisingly I think we might find it sooner than you think.

Throughout history, we have developed new tools and methods for searching the cosmos.

Each time there has been innovation, we have typically found a few new planets.

The five bright planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn have been known for thousands of years.

Initially, they were just thought to be wandering stars, brightly shining and moving through our sky.

In fact, the word planet actually means wanderer in Greek.

Then in 1781, with the invention of the telescope, there was another breakthrough.

William Herschel turned his telescope towards the universe and noticed a faint star moving between each night of observation.

A new planet, Uranus.

But it was initially actually named George in honor of King George III.

And then the search for new planets went dark.

For over 60 years, astronomers kept searching and found nothing.

Some people even thought we had found all of the planets in the solar system.

But there was a problem.

Uranus wasn't following its predicted orbit.

It was moving off course, and no one knew why.

Scientists hypothesized about why this could be, and an exciting idea jumped to mind.

What if there was a huge planet we haven't seen yet shifting the orbit of Uranus?

And it was one of the greatest achievements of celestial mechanics in kind of the mid -1800s.

Urbain Le Verrier figured out that the orbital anomalies of the planet Uranus can only be explained if there's an extra planet.

The mathematician Urbain Le Verrier calculated how big such a planet would have to be and where to look for it.

They pointed their telescopes at the predicted spot, and there it was, Neptune, just one degree off Le Verrier's position.

When that planet that he predicted was in fact found, suddenly everybody wanted to do it.

By the 1900s, the solar system started to look pretty much complete.

It looked like there was a wobble in Neptune's orbit, and so astronomers predicted there might be another planet even further out.

So using new telescopes, they once again searched the outer reaches of the solar system, eventually finding the baby planet Pluto, somewhat by accident.

Pluto was the ninth planet of the solar system, but it did eventually face controversies.

As we enter the 2000s, massive survey telescopes started to find hundreds of new objects out past Neptune.

These objects were both big and small, some of them even being bigger than Pluto itself.

This field of icy rocks became known as the Kuiper Belt.

Pluto was eventually demoted to dwarf planet in 2006.

The solar system once again had just eight planets.

And that is where we are today.

But there is something strange happening out there in the Kuiper Belt, something that hints at the existence of a huge ninth planet.

There have been lots of searches for things kind of like this.

They're all wrong.

Just before we dive into the evidence for Planet 9, I want to thank the sponsor of this video, Foundation Galactic Frontier.

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Now, let's go find Planet 9.

In 2014, astronomers were observing the Kuiper Belt objects when they noticed something.

The most distant objects seemed to be clustered in this weird way.

They were all pointed out in the same direction.

It was as if they were being pulled out there by something.

This kind of alignment is extremely unlikely to occur just by chance.

It looks like they're all swinging out into the same direction.

They're all tilted by a common angle.

And I'm like, oh, what's all that's going on is there's orbital alignment.

We had our first hint of something strange.

Two years later, Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown, astronomers at Caltech, took this idea and ran with it.

They ran simulations to figure out what could explain such strange orbits.

Their solution?

A huge planet extremely far out on an eccentric and inclined orbit.

They found that the planet would cause the objects to cluster on the opposite side of the sun to the planet itself.

This keeps the objects out of the way of the planet, meaning this alignment would be stable for billions of years.

Their simulation predicted this massive orbit, around 400 times further out than the Earth at its most distant point.

It would take the planet 10 to 15 ,000 years to complete one full orbit of the sun.

The orbit would also be tilted like this relative to the rest of the planets in the solar system.

The planet itself would be about six times Earth's mass, making it a super Earth or a mini Neptune.

This would probably also make it about two to three times bigger than our planet, and more than likely a rocky, icy world.

Amazingly, as we have learnt more about exoplanets in the Milky Way, it seems like this size of planet is the most common in the universe.

But we don't have one in our solar system.

That is, unless Planet 9 is really lurking out there.

The evidence for Planet 9 doesn't just stop at these clustered objects out in the Kuiper Belt.

There's also these so-called detached objects even further out that are behaving really strangely.

In the outer solar system, Neptune kind of acts like a security guard.

Any small objects that come close to it get ejected out into the Kuiper Belt.

There is a dwarf planet called Sedna that takes on this extremely distant orbit.

It never comes close enough to Neptune to be affected by its gravity.

This makes it a detached object.

But that is the problem.

How did it get put into this far out orbit away from the gas giant planets without the gravity of the giants pushing them out there?

They need another explanation.

Enter Planet 9.

Over millions of years, our predicted Planet 9 would gently bump these distant objects, pushing them further and further away from the gas giants, detaching them from Neptune's influence.

And it's not just Sedna.

There are four of these detached objects that have been confirmed, and all of their motion is perfectly explained by the presence of Planet 9.

Planet 9's gravity doesn't just cluster these objects and detach them.

It can also stir them up in all different kinds of ways.

There is a weird number of objects that orbit the Sun like this, extremely off axis compared to the rest of the solar system, and even objects that orbit in the wrong direction, moving backwards around the Sun.

100

Before Planet 9, there was no real explanation for how these objects got to orbit like this.

101

But similar to the detached objects, when they ran simulations, Planet 9 acts like a guide.

102

Over millions of years, moving these objects into these extremely high orbits by gently tugging on them. I was really curious about these simulations, how they replicate the entire solar system to try and figure out where Planet 9 should be.

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So it seems like they essentially just build this simulation of the solar system, one with Planet 9 and one without it, and then they run it for billions of years, seeing how they differ.

104

When you include Planet 9, these small bodies in the outer reaches of the solar system aren't random.

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They become ordered in the exact ways I've shown you so far.

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These are distinct patterns, fingerprints of Planet 9 left on the outer solar system.

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And Constantine told me about a new prediction that the simulations have made that I haven't seen spoken about on YouTube anywhere.

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The newest line of evidence that we have for Planet 9, if this process is happening, right, if Planet 9 is really there, not only did this process happen like over the last four and a half billion years, but it's really happening right now.

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There should be a flux of bodies, like kind of a river of outer solar system material currently being jammed into kind of orbits between Jupiter and Neptune.

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There should be objects that cross Neptune's orbit.

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If Planet 9 didn't exist, then you would expect Neptune to just throw them away to the outer solar system, given enough time.

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But if Planet 9 does exist, then this region should be continuously replenished with objects being thrown inward.

113

Planet 9 and Neptune kind of playing this game of catch with these icy rocks.

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In the simulations, Planet 9's gravity grabs some of the objects out in the Oort cloud and sends them inward past Neptune.

115

Without Planet 9, nearly no objects would do this.

116

They would either stay beyond the orbit of Neptune or just quickly get ejected.

117

This gives us a new prediction to test.

118

If Planet 9 does exist, then around 3 % of the objects out past Neptune should be on a path that crosses with Neptune's orbit.

119

If it doesn't exist, only around 0.5 % of them would cross the orbit.

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So my next question was obviously, have we found any of these objects?

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They have found around 29 of these objects so far.

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When they compare them to the results from the simulations with and without Planet 9, even making sure to correct for biases in the telescope surveys, the result was, the real orbits of the 29 objects we found agree with the Planet 9 simulation, and the solar system without Planet 9 is rejected at 5 Sigma.

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In case you don't know, 5 Sigma is basically the gold standard test for a result in science.

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If something is said to be measured at 5 Sigma, it means there is about a 1 in 3.5 million chance that the result was just some random fluke or anomaly.

125

They are essentially saying that this result entirely rules out the possibility that Planet 9 doesn't exist.

126

But slow down.

127

They only have 29 objects, and only around half of them have their orbits really well defined.

128

These objects are faint and tricky to observe.

129

As you'll see later though, this is all about to change thanks to a very special telescope.

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Now I need to answer the question that I know so many of you are screaming at the screen right now.

131

If we know its orbit and size well enough to make all of these predictions, why can't they just point a telescope at the patch of sky where Planet 9 should be and take a picture?

132

I mean, they did the exact same thing with Neptune after all.

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And I hear you.

134

I had the exact same question.

135

We actually don't know where to look, okay?

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We can calculate the orbit.

137

We cannot calculate where it is on the orbit.

138

And the reason we cannot do that is that we haven't seen the Kuiper Belt objects themselves complete their orbits.

139

So essentially, we have the orbit, but Planet 9 could be really anywhere along this orbit right now.

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And since it takes 10 to 15,000 years to complete a loop of the sun, we need to really pinpoint its location if we want to find it.

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And then there's the problem of brightness.

142

It's far away, okay?

143

So it's really, really dim, okay?

144

So it's not like, oh, go out, fire up a telescope, you know, point to the sky, you know, light up a SIG and just watch the data roll in, right?

145

It is at the edge, perhaps slightly beyond the edge of what's possible with the largest telescopes on Earth today.

146

To see Planet 9, we need to push our very best telescopes on Earth to their absolute limit, taking long exposures and stacking multiple images to try and reveal what's hidden in the darkness.

147

They have already tried a number of these searches for Planet 9.

148

The Subaru Telescope in Japan did some of the deepest wide-field imaging in a 2020 search.

149

They found more of the little icy rocks that supported Planet 9's existence, but no Planet 9 itself.

150

The Pan-STARRS Telescope in Hawaii actually did search back in the 2010s, but it wasn't able to look for faint enough objects.

151

The Dark Energy Survey covered 12% of the entire sky from 2013 to 2019, and once again found no Planet 9 candidates.

152

The point I'm trying to get at is up until recently, the telescopes and data that we had just wasn't good enough to properly search for Planet 9.

153

And this is where the game changer comes in, the Vera Rubin Observatory.

154

I actually visited the observatory in Chile a few months ago right as they finished completing it.

155

I made a full video deep diving into all of the science, so if you haven't seen that one already, then definitely check it out.

156

Vera Rubin has a huge 8.4m mirror and literally the biggest camera ever made.

157

It's a feat of modern engineering genius and it's about to conduct the biggest survey of the sky ever taken.

158

The real game changer with Rubin is its speed.

159

This observatory can take these huge images and does so extremely fast.

160

It can completely scan the entire visible sky and image it to unmatched depths every three nights.

161

Something that would have taken previous telescopes months or even years.

162

And it is so sensitive it could spot a single candle lit on the surface of the moon.

163

They are literally taking a 10-year time lapse of the entire sky.

164

Rubin will definitely be able to tell us whether Planet 9 exists or not.

165

And it won't take that long.

166

Within the next year or two, we will know.

167

Rubin will find so many more of these strange objects we've spoken about, giving scientists the statistics needed to refine the model of Planet 9.

168

So if it does exist, I think within two years, we would know at least on a statistical level.

169

This telescope is literally a planet hunter's dream tool.

170

It's like having the world's most sensitive security camera of all time, constantly scanning the sky looking for the elusive Planet 9.

171

Okay, so just personally, I do feel like Rubin will actually find Planet 9.

172

That's just what my bet is.

173

But say it doesn't.

174

What are the other possible explanations?

175

The principal argument against Planet 9 has always been, oh, this is just observational bias.

176

Maybe these orbital anomalies just don't actually exist at all.

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Maybe we've just fooled ourselves by only looking in certain areas.

178

Maybe these clustered objects are really just a snapshot of a truly random distribution.

179

If this is the case, Rubin will fill in those gaps.

180

Another possible explanation is these strange orbits could be explained using Neptune's past migration outward.

181

Four billion years ago, Neptune moved outwards and it could have captured some of these objects in that process, putting them into these clustered patterns that we observe today.

182

But there have been other ideas in the literature, like some people have proposed that it's actually a primordial black hole.

183

It would have the same mass as our predicted planet, but its event horizon would be just a few centimetres across.

184

Basically impossible to directly observe from Earth.

185

This would solve the why haven't we seen it yet problem, but it's pretty speculative.

186

It would be kind of surprising if the solar system had a binary, black hole companion, but that's an idea that's been out in the literature.

187

We have never observed a primordial black hole.

188

Some people even think they could be the source of dark matter.

189

So if we did find one in our solar system, it could revolutionise all of cosmology.

190

Constantine and his collaborator Mike Brown have previously said that they would place the likelihood of Planet 9 existing up to around 90%.

191

And after having spent months researching this topic, I would say this.

192

It seems like there are really two major camps of astronomers when it comes to this problem.

193

People who believe in Planet 9, and those who think it's just this observational bias.

194

You know, at this point, that's looking quite unlikely as the explanation.

195

If you believe in the data, then Planet 9 is the natural conclusion.

196

And regardless of whose camp you're in, Vera Rubin is going to reveal the truth, and it's going to do it soon.

197

If Planet 9 does exist all the way out there, then my question was, how did it get there?

198

The leading theory is that Planet 9 was in the starting stages of forming an ice giant, like Neptune or Uranus, before it was ejected from the early solar system, sent flying to the cold outer reaches.

199

This would make Planet 9 the rejected core of an ice giant planet that never got to finish forming, now wandering out far away from the rest of the planet family.

200

It didn't form there.

201

There's no material that the solar system's disk could not have reached 500 AU, right?

202

Such a disk would almost certainly be gravitationally unstable.

203

If it didn't get ejected, then the only other real possibility is that it's a captured rogue planet from another star that we stole during a close pass by.

204

The sun was born in a cluster of stars, and we might have exchanged planets between the systems before parting ways.

205

Now of course, the final question I had to ask was, if we find Planet 9, what should we name it?

206

Since all the planets are named after Greek or Roman mythological figures, it will be up to the IAU and its discoverers to ultimately pick a name.

207

Some options that aren't taken are Persephone, Minerva, Oceanus, or even Vulcan.

208

But to be honest, I kind of like Constantine's idea.

209

Whether it's named Bowie or Persephone, I think we will find Planet 9 in the next few years, and hopefully once and for all have completed our solar system family.

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100

14 ประโยค

คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้

วิดีโอนี้มี 209 ประโยค และ 3286 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 19:02 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 173 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 82% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก

คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้

คำที่ควรเรียนรู้ 15 คำจากวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:

คำศัพท์	คำอ่าน	ความหมาย
orbit คำนาม	/ˈɔɹ.bɪt/	วงโคจร
telescope คำนาม	/ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/	กล้องโทรทรรศน์, กล้องดูดาว
predict คำกริยา	/pɹɪˈdɪkt/	ทำนาย
explanation คำนาม	/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/	การอธิบาย
observe คำกริยา	/əbˈzɜːv/	สังเกต
explore คำกริยา	/ɪkˈsploɹ/	สำรวจ
bias คำนาม	/ˈbaɪ.əs/	อคติ, ความลำเอียง
ninth คำคุณศัพท์	/naɪnθ/	ที่เก้า
calculate คำกริยา	/ˈkælkjʊleɪt/	คำนวณ
alignment คำนาม	/əˈlaɪn.mənt/	การปรับแนว, การปรับตรง
observatory คำนาม	/əbˈzɜːvət(ə)ɹi/	หอดูดาว
reveal คำกริยา	/ɹɪˈviːl/	เปิดเผย
capture คำกริยา	/ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/	ยึด
darkness คำนาม	/ˈdɑɹk.nɪs/	ความมืด
dive คำกริยา	/daɪv/	ดำ

กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน

คำศัพท์	ความหมาย
go out คำกริยา	ออก, ออกไป

ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้

โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:

โครงสร้าง	ในวิดีโอ
ประโยคเงื่อนไข if + อนุประโยค, will/would + กริยา — เงื่อนไขและผลลัพธ์	If you use code ASTROCOBY, then you'll even · If this is the case, Rubin will fill
Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน	have found · has been · have developed
Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ	can't be explained · have been known · were just thought

การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง

ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 43 ครั้ง เช่น doesn't, haven't, don't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน

เสียง “th”: ninth /naɪnθ/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, hypothesize /haɪˈpɑ.θəˌsaɪz/, mathematician /ˌmæθ.(ə.)məˈtɪʃ.ən/, mythological /ˌmɪθəˈlɒd͡ʒɪkəl/
เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: simulation /ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃn̩/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/
คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, observatory /əbˈzɜːvət(ə)ɹi/, innovation /ˌɪn.əˈveɪ.ʃən/, controversy /kənˈtɹɒv.ə.si/

วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้

ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง orbit, telescope, predict เป็นพิเศษ

เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?

Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ

เทคนิค shadowing: อ่านคู่มือฉบับเต็มทีละขั้นตอน →

ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Scientists Are REALLY Close To Finding Planet 9

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