ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: What the First Christians Really Believed Will Surprise You
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One of the surprising things that await any student of the New Testament
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when they study the text academically whether at university
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or at home reading academic texts is just how unorthodox
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and heretical the earliest Christian beliefs were compared to the later beliefs of the church.
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And I just want to share with you what some of these beliefs actually were
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because they I found them quite surprising when I first read about them and I'm going to use as my guide
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Jimmy Dunn's book unity
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and diversity in the new testament an inquiry into the character of earliest christianity
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and Jimmy Dunn as I've said before is a leading new testament scholar professor
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at the university of durham
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and he says in his book page 255 under the chapter
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just how orthodox was earliest palestinian christianity he says the following the first christians were jews
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luke's account of the range of nationalities present at pentecost this
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is the great falling of the holy spirit in acts chapter
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2 where they where they all receive the holy spirit people
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from all the nations of the earth apparently are congregated there
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but they were all jews and proselytites in other words they weren't gentiles these were committed people committed to judaism
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and even though they believed that jesus was the messiah
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and risen from the dead that did not alter their standing
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or outlook as jews
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and dunn continues they apparently continued to observe the law without
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question this is the jewish law the 613 commandments given to moses
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not interpreting their traditions of Jesus's words and actions in a manner hostile to the law
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nothing in what they understood about Jesus teaching told them to
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reject the law hence the Pharisees seem to have seen in them little
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or nothing of the threat which Jesus had posed
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acts 5 33 onwards and not a few became members of the Jesus sect
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while still remaining Pharisees Acts 15 5 21 20 hence to the shock of the Cornelius episode to the Jerusalem believers
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it had not occurred to them that faith in Jesus the Christ might make the purity law irrelevant
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so they had no understanding from Jesus that he had abolished the law
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or made what was unclean clean in regards to food at
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all he continues they evidently continue to be firmly attached to
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the temple the Jerusalem temple attending daily at the hour hours of prayer acts 2 46
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and 3 1 regularly coming together there for mutual support
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and in order to teach
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and evangelize the the hour of prayer is the hour of
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sacrifice it's not like going to church in the church of England
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or episcopalian church for prayers this is the temple was built for sacrifice and that's why
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it existed another characteristic was their distinctive belief in the imminent
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parousia of Jesus that's the return of Jesus the son of
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man this belief however seems to have stayed within the framework
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of Jewish eschatological hope this is probably the chief reason why they remained
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so firmly rooted in Jerusalem
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and centered on the temple for the temple was the obvious focal point of the imminent consummation as Malachi 3.1 clearly indicated.
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This would also explain why there was such a lack of concern for the Gentiles
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or for mission outside of Jerusalem amongst the earliest Jerusalem community
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they didn't go into all of the nations to evangelize as
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later christian tradition believed they did they stayed in jerusalem they
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stayed amongst the jews as jews they were still only thinking in terms of israel acts 1 6 22
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and following and 2 39 all that are far off
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which refers to the jews of the diaspora in short he says it is evident
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that the earliest community in no sense felt themselves to be
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a new religion distinct from judaism this is a really important
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point today after two thousand years of christian tradition we think of christianity
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and judaism as a completely separate and independent religions but actually the earliest community after jesus ascended into heaven were Jews,
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practicing Jews and within the Jewish faith there was no sense of a boundary line drawn between themselves
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and their fellow Jews they saw themselves simply as fulfilled Judaism, the beginning of eschatological Israel
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and the Jewish authorities evidently did not see them as anything very different from themselves they held one or two eccentric beliefs, so did other jewish sects
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but otherwise they were holy jewish indeed we may put the
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point even more strongly since judaism has always been concerned more with orthopraxy than with orthodoxy
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right practice rather than right belief the earliest christians were not simply jews
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but in fact continued to be quite orthodox jews these were
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no liberals jews they were no apostate jews these were very traditional committed jews notice then
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that this is the group with whom christianity proper all began only their belief in jesus as messiah
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and risen and their belief
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that the last days were upon them mark them out as different from the majority of their fellow jews.
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none of the other great christian distinctiveness distinctives that come to expression in and through Paul are present.
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So none of the great theological beliefs developed by Paul much later on you know the idea
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that Jesus the messiah died for people's sins is absent, the idea the law has been abolished is absent, the idea that the temple is no longer central is absent
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and so the idea that that gentiles don't follow the law if they become part of judaism is absent.
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Rather altogether it is a form of christianity
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which we today would scarcely recognize jewish christianity indeed
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or perhaps more precisely a form of jewish massianism a massianic renewal movement within pre-70s judaism
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so this is before the temple was destroyed in a.d 70 of course and then dunn says
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if we now shift our glance from the beginning of christianity forward 150 years
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or so into the second century and beyond it at once becomes evident
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and this is very interesting that the situation has significantly altered to put it mildly.
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Jewish Christianity so far from being the only form of Christianity is now being classified as unorthodox and heretical.
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there seem to have been several groups of Jewish Christians whose
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beliefs put them beyond the pale of the emerging great church
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one at least preserved an ancient title for early christians nazareans
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acts 24 5 the quran of course says something very interesting
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about these people what were they called in the quran the
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name probably embodied a claim to preserve the true tradition against
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the antinomian Christian communities elsewhere antinomian meaning those who were against
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the law who rejected the law now the best-known sect whose
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name became a kind of stereotype in the great church polemic
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against Jewish Christians was the Ebionites the Ebionites that's a name to remember
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if want to really grasp the original faith of the early church rather than Paul's Christianity the Ebionites
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and Dunn outlines three significant characteristics of this of this now
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heretical Jewish Christian faith first one not surprisingly is their faithful adherence to the Jewish law
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Justin Martyr the second century gentile convert to Paul's Christianity , very famous early father,
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knew of Jews who believed in Christ and who kept the law without insisting
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that all Christians should but he also knew others who not only kept the law themselves
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but who also compelled Gentile believers to keep it too
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so that's very interesting and then the next section here
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and I'm skimming lot of the detail here just to give
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you a concise flavour rather than exhaustive survey is what Dunn calls the exaltation of James
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and the denigration of Paul the exaltation of James the brother the actual brother of Jesus
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and the denigration of Paul that's obviously the apostle Paul it
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is clearest in the clementine literature now the clementine literature was
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a body of jewish christian writings from the second century it
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is clearest in the clementine literature where james appears as the
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head of the jerusalem jerusalem church from the first ordained bishop in it by the lord as for peter he
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and the other apostles are shown as subordinate to james
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and must give account of their work to him
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which is very interesting so james is the very very head of the church
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exaltation of james is accompanied as i said by denigration of paul so you know really putting him down.
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Araneus, Origen, Eusebius and Epiphanius number rejection of Paul as one of the characteristics of the Ebionite faith
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and of the other Jewish Christian sects as well in the clementines this Jewish writings again Paul is vehemently attacked.
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Peter calls him the man who is my enemy
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and dismisses his claim to have seen the risen christ wow
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in jewish christianity in general paul was the arch enemy responsible for the rest of christianity's rejection of the law
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and himself an apostate from the law i mean this is
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seriously interesting paul was seen as an absolute danger heretic apostate from the original Jewish Christian faith of the earliest church.
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he was not seen as some kind of hero he was an enemy the enemy
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because of course he taught people to abandon key aspects of the Jewish faith and perhaps now the most significant
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belief of the Ebionites was called adoptionism one of the most
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frequently attested features of Ebionite Christology is found in clearest expression
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in one of the early fathers description of it as a chap called Epiphanius
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and he describes there the Ebionite view is this
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Christ they call the prophet of truth
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and Christ the son of god on account of his progress in virtue
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and the exaltation which descended upon him from above they want him to be only a prophet
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and man and son of god and christ and mere man as we said before who attained by a virtuous life
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the right to be called son of god so for the ebionites the original christian belief
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in the earliest community all the way through to the second century these people who inherited and continued
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that tradition jesus was a prophet a man who by virtue of his excellence could be called son of god
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but certainly was not divine and dunn continues
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if these are indeed the three principal features of heretical Jewish
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Christianity then a striking point emerges this is the features of
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second century Ebionite views heretical Jewish Christianity would appear to be not
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so very different from the faith of the first Jewish believers' wow and then he continue here
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a bit about the it gives a bit more information here about the adoptionist Christology the idea
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that in a sense Jesus was adopted by God on an honorary kind of designation as son of God
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but not literally begotten of God through all the ages and divine anything like that.
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The adoptionist Christology of the Ebonites too seems to have a
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firm anchor point in the earliest Christian attempts to express faith in Jesus the Christ.
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If you look at Acts 2 36, Acts 13 33 for example
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and also note acts 2 22 jesus of nazareth a man attested to you by god
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so he was a man credited or tested by god
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and also 10 38 jesus was able to do to do good
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and heal for god was with him it doesn't say he was god
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but god was with him very interesting
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and then just to conclude this before i weary your patience totally final paragraph
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and this is jimmy dunn's summary of this
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and this the author jimmy dunn is a christian he believes
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in the trinity he's an ordained minister of the church
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but he's an honest historian which is why he is
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so honored by other historians and scholars for his integrity in his research
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and he says this in short apart from the different attitudes
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to the temple cult the measure of agreement between the earliest jewish believers
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and the ebionites is quite striking the heretical jewish christianity of the second
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and third centuries apparently has no closer parallel than the earliest christian community in jerusalem
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indeed on the basis of this evidence the heretical Jewish Christianity
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of the later centuries could quite properly claim to be more
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truly the heir of earliest Christianity than any other expression of Christianity wow
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so just read that again this is talking about the ebionites the heretical Jewish Christianity of the second
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and third centuries has no closer parallel than the earliest christian
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community in jerusalem heretical jewish christianity of the later centuries could
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quite properly claim to be more truly the heir of earliest
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christianity than any other expression of christianity than paul than the catholic church than the gnostics than whoever whatever whatever
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and what do they believe
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เกี่ยวกับบทเรียนนี้
ในบทเรียนนี้ ผู้เรียนจะได้ฝึกฝนการพูดภาษาอังกฤษโดยการฟังและทำตามการสนทนาในวิดีโอที่มีเนื้อหาเกี่ยวกับความเชื่อของชาวคริสต์ในยุคแรก ซึ่งจะช่วยให้เข้าใจโครงสร้างของภาษาและพัฒนาทักษะการพูดได้ดียิ่งขึ้น โดยเนื้อหาจะเน้นไปที่ความแตกต่างระหว่างความเชื่อในสมัยนั้นกับความเชื่อในปัจจุบัน
คำศัพท์และวลีสำคัญ
- Jew - ชาวยิว
- Messiah - พระเมสซิยาห์
- Law - กฎหมาย
- Temple - วัด
- Parousia - การกลับมาของพระเยซู
- Believer - ผู้เชื่อ
- Evangelize - ประกาศข่าวดี
เคล็ดลับในการฝึกฝน
เพื่อให้การฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษมีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น แนะนำให้ผู้เรียนใช้เทคนิค shadow speech หรือ shadowspeak โดยการฟังเสียงในวิดีโออย่างตั้งใจแล้วพยายามทำตามให้เหมือนกับว่าคุณกำลังพูดอยู่ในขณะนั้น ควรเริ่มจากการฟังให้เข้าใจความหมายและบทสนทนา จากนั้นให้ฝึกพูดตามเสียงที่ได้ยินในจังหวะที่ช้าและค่อยๆ เพิ่มความเร็วเมื่อคุณรู้สึกมั่นใจมากขึ้น
การใช้ shadowspeaks จะช่วยให้คุณฝึกฝนการออกเสียง การเน้นเสียง และอารมณ์ในบทสนทนาได้อย่างชัดเจน นอกจากนี้ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำหลายๆ รอบเพื่อให้จดจำโครงสร้างประโยคและจังหวะของการพูดได้ดีขึ้น
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | were compared · are congregated · was built |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | those who were · man who is · people who inherited |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | I've said · has always been · has been abolished |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ