ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: which country invented the most stuff?
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1
Throughout the course of time, many nations have invented many things.
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But which is the MVP?
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Which one takes the cake?
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Which one invented the cake?
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Or the icing?
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Or the candles?
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Well, obviously it has to be my country, Australia.
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But just in case it isn't, I decided to investigate.
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So I got hold of the latest edition of 1001 Inventions That Changed the World, and went through the entire thing, and took note of every invention and every inventor,
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and their country of birth.
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A few inventions were not listed, so I got another book and gave it the same treatment, and then rounded it all off by looking up the most important inventions from the last few years
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that were not in either book, and a website or two listing a few more inventions.
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Now, several problems spring to mind in figuring out such a list.
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For example, many ancient inventions are unknown as to their place of origin, and anonymous as to their inventor.
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Secondly, geopolitical change.
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Example, Tesla.
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Nikola Tesla was ethnically a Serb, but born in what's now Croatia.
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But when Croatia was part of the Austrian Empire, and he later moved to the United States and became an American citizen, should his inventions post-US citizenship be considered American?
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What about before?
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Naturally, a few of the countries will have some asterisks, but generally my guiding principle was the place in which the inventor was born as it corresponds to today's borders.
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Now, this book deals with physical inventions, not conceptual ones.
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For example, you won't find the invention of calculus or communism or didactic philosophy or even the discovery of DNA.
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Things, processes, that is what we're dealing with here.
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Concepts in action.
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So let's see what countries produced the most concepts in action.
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Right, wow.
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So it took me five days but I did it and the results were very surprising.
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All up I ended with 1089 inventions.
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Here's a map of all the countries that have at least one invention or co-invention that I came across.
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There's 66 of them.
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Note, this does not mean the countries in grey never invented anything, it just means whatever they invented was not listed in the sources I examined.
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Yes, I think pretty much every major invention was covered, but that doesn't mean only the countries in blue invented stuff.
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Obviously, the people who made the lists are prejudiced, so let's give them a nice punch.
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Okay, but seriously, with what we've got, let's check out the results.
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These are the countries with one listed invention, and hey, one's better than none, and some here I thought would have more,
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but in any case, I was pleasantly surprised to see Barbados make the cut.
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And here's the man responsible, Alan Emtage, a computer scientist who developed the world's first internet search engine.
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Now the man who put Bangladesh on our map developed, along with his team, the text-to-image AI model's stable diffusion.
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But while he was born in Jordan, he is not only ethnically Bengali, but spent his childhood in Bangladesh before emigrating to the UK.
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So I thought it best to include him for Bangladesh.
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With Hong Kong, I decided to keep it separate from China because it is, after all, a special administrative area.
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And the special fellow who put them on our inventive map is David T.
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Wong, who, along with Brian Malloy and Ray Fuller, came up with the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine or Prozac.
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Now, the countries with two inventions also have a number of asterisks.
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Lebanon's two are both ancient.
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One, the dry dock, was by a Phoenician working in Ptolemaic Egypt.
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The other is more speculative, glass.
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Lebanon is one of four possible locations for the invention of man-made glass, the others being Syria, Iraq, or Egypt.
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Estonia's two listed inventions were both by Germans when Estonia was part of the Russian Empire.
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For Zambia, we are reliant on archaeology, but are not 100% certain.
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But it's there we find in ancient times the first examples of paint and carpentry.
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Here are the countries with three listed inventions.
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Argentina gave us the intravascular stent, which helps doctors open blocked blood vessels in operations.
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Ireland's Stafford O'Brien helped give us anodized aluminium or aluminum as they say in the US, the process by
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which the metal is submerged in electrified sulfuric acid creating a nice strong rust resistant outer layer
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and it's used for parts and things ranging from phones and computers to aircraft and cookware.
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Israel gave us the USB flash drive and voice over IP
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which facilitated vocal communication through the internet rather than a phone line.
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I believe they also gave us the Uzi but that wasn't listed.
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Kenya perhaps was the country to give us the most important invention of all, controlled fire, which is what got everything started.
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For the ancient Greeks, fire was a gift secretly given to human beings by the titan Prometheus, for which crime he was brutally punished by the gods of Olympus.
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These are the countries with four listed inventions.
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Jordans are all ancient, such as granaries and plaster, and New Zealand's are all not ancient, like the jet boat, and synthetic zeolites,
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by which chemical reactions can be controlled at the molecular level.
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Serbia's four borrow all Nikola Tesla and yes he was born in Croatia
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when it was under Austrian rule but I added him jointly with Serbia
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because I remembered it's not smart to make Serbs angry.
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So, Serbia, four inventions including remote communication and the AC form of electric current
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which is what you and I use every single day.
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South Korea could be five but one of the inventions I listed simply as Korea
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because I couldn't find out whether the medieval inventor was born in the north or south.
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But the other Korean inventions include the good old internet cafe
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and the transistor involved in computer data being saved as opposed to being deleted when the power is off, which was a problem in early computer days.
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South Africa scores five points with inventions ranging from the bow and arrow to the vaccine for yellow fever.
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The other place with five points is nowhere land, the question mark.
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These inventions have no certain place of origin.
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This includes pliers, the lever, and bitcoin.
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Ukraine has six points, most of them from the Soviet era, including the principle of the synchrotron particle accelerator.
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With seven points we have Belgium, which gave us the internal combustion engine, electrical generator, the vaccine for whooping cough, and the saxophone by Adolf Sachs.
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He also invented this thing.
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Croatia, which gave us the torpedo, fingerprinting, and the electric speedometer.
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Iran gave us the winch, the windmill, and the cable modem.
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Denmark has nine points.
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Its inventions include the electromagnetic discoveries of Hans Christian Örstel and an early radio transmitter and most importantly of all, LEGO.
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These two countries have 10 points each.
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All of Turkey's are pre-modern and most date from pre-Turkish times, with ancient Anatolians being credited with inventing woven cloth, steel, and the sword.
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Syria's are also all pre-modern and and include such inventions as the dried brick and blown glass.
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Now, what do we have here?
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Aha!
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Australia's up next.
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What's our score?
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200?
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300 more likely.
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I'll tell you what's embarrassing.
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It's not even certain that we invented the boomerang.
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The oldest one ever discovered was found in Poland.
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But seriously, Australia's done pretty good in my opinion, especially for a country with these things all over the place.
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Some of the listed Aussie inventions include the cardiac pacemaker, the black box flight recorder, and Wi-Fi.
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Three countries scored 12 points.
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Poland gave us the blender, the mercury thermometer, and the co-invention of electric arc welding, and the hydrogen bomb.
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If that makes you feel stressed, here, have some Valium, another Polish invention.
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Meanwhile, Austria developed the printing technique of lithography, the screw propeller, the insecticide DDT, but what does DDT stand for?
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Oh, and the co-invention of the electron spectrometer.
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I don't know what that is but it sounds smart.
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And with Spain we have the first steam pump, the auto gyro, the wheelchair and the modern novel.
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The guitar also comes from Spain but I didn't see it listed.
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India scored 16 points with inventions ranging from the spinning wheel, chess and sewerage system in ancient times,
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to fiber optic cables, web syndication and GMOs.
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Though while this man was pivotal in the popularization of genetically modified organisms, they were in fact pioneered by two Americans.
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The Netherlands racked up 17 points giving us the microscope, the telescope, the Snellen eye test, the electrocardiograph, kidney dialysis, and color night vision.
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Sweden, 18 points, invented the padlock, safety matches, dynamite, but not safety dynamite, the blowtorch, the adjustable wrench,
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ultra centrifuge, which could measure the weight and movement of molecules, and the three-point seat belt.
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20 points goes to Switzerland, which gave us the Swiss army knife.
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No, that can't be right.
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The turbocharger, cellophane, the chainsaw, velcro, and the comic strip.
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But all this is nothing compared to the country's greatest invention, milk chocolate.
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20 points also goes to Greece, with many ancient inventions including the aqueduct, the crane, the catapult, the Archimedes screw,
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the compound pulley, and modern achievements like the co-invention of artificial skin and contributions to laser eye surgery.
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Now, Canada scored 22 points.
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The improved radio transmitter, the square-headed screw, the mass spectrometer, the snowmobile, the ground proximity warning system, enhancing security for air travel.
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They also invented peanut butter, but that wasn't listed anywhere.
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23 points goes to Japan, which invented instant coffee, the inkjet printer, the bipedal robot, artificial liver, optical camouflage, and the vaccine for chicken pox.
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No mention of anime though.
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I wish I were a bird.
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26 points were scored jointly by Egypt and Iraq.
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Every single one of Egypt's inventions are from ancient times, except for one, which was a contribution to the development of the MOSFET transistor,
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a tiny efficient electronic switch that is a fundamental building block of almost all modern digital electronics.
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Before this, Egypt's listed inventions are from ancient times.
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Papyrus, the sail, the chair, the saw, the umbrella, scissors and nails.
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With Iraq, all their inventions are from pre-modern times, mostly from ancient Mesopotamia.
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Metalworking, irrigation, the map, the rowboat, the canal, the wheel, writing, soap, the toilet, fired brick and,
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in medieval times, the lens.
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27 points for Russia, whose inventions range from synthetic rubber to the space station, the periodic table of the elements and the theremin, to the helicopter and the first satellite.
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Now, with an impressive score of 40 is China, which invented pottery, the bell, ink, the rudder, silk, the crossbow, the compass, paper, the wheelbarrow,
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gunpowder, the woodblock printer, fireworks, and, in modern times, magnetic core memory, an early type of RAM, synthetic blood developed by Thomas M.S.
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Chang, whom the book mistakenly called Chan, IVF and the surgical robot.
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But with 44 points is the much smaller country of Scotland.
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The land of lochs gave the world the steam engine with separate condenser by James Watt, the threshing machine, gas lighting, the waterproof raincoat, the thermostat,
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the steam hammer, the pneumatic tyre, chloroform anesthetic, the oil refinery, the hydraulic jack, colour photography, the telephone, time zones, the electric drill,
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the steering wheel, television, radar, beta blockers which help manage blood pressure and aid heart issues and anxiety, and the ATM.
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Now if you factor in Scotland's historically tiny population, its inventiveness is perhaps the most extraordinary in the world.
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So good work Scotland, ratio wise you're the MVP.
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Now with 46 points is Italy.
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Its inventing spans from ancient times when it gave us glue, wick candles, ball bearings, the architectural dome and horseshoe,
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to medieval slash renaissance times with spectacles, jeans, musical notation, the Gregorian calendar, and the anemometer to measure wind speed,
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to early modern times with the barometer and hygrometer and the piano, to the invention of the battery by Alessandro Volta, electroplating, the other telephone guy,
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big contributions to radio, big contributions to the nuclear reactor, and the jacuzzi.
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Pizza was not listed however, which is ridiculous us.
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We get a big jump now with the next country, France.
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102 points.
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From exceedingly ancient times, there were breakthroughs like the first known built shelter, braided rope, oil lamp, and chisel, to inventions from more documented times, such as the vernier scale,
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centrifugal pump, metronome, steamboat, the hot air balloon, the parachute, the metric system, stethoscope, braille, photography, the airship,
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rechargeable storage battery, pasteurization, in which harmful microorganisms are eliminated from products such as milk, barbed wire, the vaccine for cholera,
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the vaccine for rabies, the vaccine for tuberculosis, the incubator, the septic tank, the first motion picture camera, the hairdryer, the more influential film camera,
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the outboard motor, the slidey tube lipstick thingamajig, the anti-lock braking system, scuba diving, the radial tyre, non-stick pans,
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computer-aided manufacturing, and the food processor.
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Pretty good France, but Germany's up next with an impressive 115 points, the flute, the coiled spring, Gutenberg's printing press, the newspaper,
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the magnetometer, artificial fertilizer, the Bunsen burner, the microphone, the revolving door, the motorcycle, the car or automobile,
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the motorboat, x-ray photography, the aspirin, synthetic detergent, the coffee filter, the harbor process, which converts nitrogen to ammonia,
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a process vital to modern fertilizers and which is responsible for feeding about half the world's population, polystyrene, the vaccine for diphtheria,
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electron microscope, ballistic missiles, the first digital electronic computer, the co-invention of cloning, the first video game console,
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the scanning tunneling microscope, mp3, co-invention of the driverless car, high temperature superconductor, the AI chatbot,
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and the atom laser, which sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie.
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Now scoring 166 points is a small green section of the earth known as England.
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Its inventions include, and we're Starting off big here, the sandwich.
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Hey, come on, they're good.
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Coke-based iron smelting, in which processed coal replaced charcoal in the smelting of iron, which made iron stronger and cheaper and encouraged ramped-up production, key to the Industrial Revolution,
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as was the atmospheric steam engine and spinning jenny, which massively increased textile production.
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Then there was the marine chronometer, compound steam engine, powered loom, gas turbine, the corkscrew, the hydraulic press, vaccination,
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the first being Edward Jenner's cure for smallpox which is believed to have saved more lives than anything else in human history.
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Then there was the locomotive, the train, the light bulb, which had its beginnings in Sir Humphrey Davy's ARC lamp, canned goods, blood transfusions, the fire extinguisher,
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the electric motor, and, by the same guy, the balloon, the lawnmower, the mechanical computer, postage stamps, standardized screw system,
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variable resistor, the first computer program, Portland cement, the third most manufactured thing on the planet, the rubber band, the hydraulic crane,
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the Francis turbine, trawler fishing, the Bessemer process which revolutionized steel production, celluloid, linoleum, antiseptic surgery, Vaseline,
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the steam turbine, the safety bicycle, Meccano, the electric vacuum cleaner, indicators and electric turn signals, stainless steel, the tank, flip-flop circuits,
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providing the foundation for modern electronics, the co-invention of animation, cat's eyes, the co-invention of the jet engine, the intraocular lens, the hovercraft,
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the backhoe loader, the hip replacement, DNA profiling, and the World Wide Web, the system by which we can access the internet.
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But somehow this wonderful magical source was not listed.
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I wish I had some Worcestershire sauce.
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I can't say Worcestershire.
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Now, if we add England's inventions to those of Scotland and Wales for a combined total of what they in fact are, a unified country, the UK, we get a whopping 213 points.
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But even that's not enough to beat the number one country, the country that invented the most stuff, which is...
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Hey, what's that sound?
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Oh no. That's right, the United States of America, who scored a mind-blowing 410 points.
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That's over a third of all inventions.
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Wow, incredible!
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These inventions include, again roughly going in chronological order, the lightning rod, submersible craft, bifocals, there's Benjamin Franklin again,
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the cotton gin, massively expanding cotton production, the submarine, the breech loader rifle, dental floss, the combine harvester,
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the revolver, vulcanization, wherein rubber could be toughened, the grain elevator, ether anesthetic, the typewriter, ah here's a good one, the ice cream maker, morse code,
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the passenger elevator, the machine gun, the roller coaster, the paper clip, the air brake, the cutting wheel can opener,
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sand blasting, the phonograph, which first allowed us to hear recorded sound, the electric iron, the electric fan, the dissolvable pill, the skyscraper,
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the dishwasher, the escalator, the ferris wheel, breakfast cereal, the powered hearing aid, radiotherapy, the zoom lens, the silencer,
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air conditioning, windshield wipers, the plane, the tea bag, automatic transmission, the tractor, infrared photography, the liquid fuel rocket,
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traffic lights, the pop-up toaster, micro electrodes, technicolor bringing color to films, sound in films, the bulldozer,
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power steering, PVC, masking tape, the electric guitar, the phillips screw, the trampoline, nylon, fiberglass, surround sound,
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night vision goggles, the bazooka, super glue, cruise control, the microwave oven, Chemotherapy The Transistor These are minuscule electronic amplifiers and switches
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that control electricity's flow and help to launch the digital age Now you'd think that'd be enough
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but they couldn't help themselves
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and kept inventing stuff The Defibrillator The Supersonic Aircraft The first
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plane to break the sound barrier The Barcode The Robot The
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Credit Card The Airbag The Vaccine for Polio WD-40 Automatic Doors
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The Hard Disk Drive Big Contributions to AI The Artificial Neural Network The Integrated Circuit The Laser The industrial robot.
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The space observatory.
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LED.
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UAVs, drones.
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Plasma screens.
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The vaccine for rubella.
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Kevlar.
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The virtual reality headset.
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The main book I was going by misspelled Morton as Morgan.
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Graphical user interface.
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LCD.
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RAM.
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The cochlear implant.
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The cellular mobile phone.
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Email.
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The personal computer.
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The supercomputer.
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Okay, that's enough.
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The word processor gene therapy, reusable spacecraft, internet protocol, MMOs, the touchpad, the Hubble Space Telescope,
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Java computing language, USB connection, stem cell therapy, the smartphone, cloud computing, the synthetic genome,
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the tablet computer, the artificial womb, quantum error correction breakthroughs.
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I don't know what that means.
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Space-based planetary defense and brain-computer interfaces, and that was just some of them.
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I was frankly astounded to see the sheer dominance of the US from the 20th century onward.
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Even with the inventions by non-Americans in this time frame, most of them did their work and research in the United States.
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Why was this?
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Well, partly the answer must be due to massive funding compared to other nations, NIH, NSF, DARPA, NASA, as well as prestigious educational facilities,
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Ivy League colleges, MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, Silicon Valley.
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While places like China, Germany, Japan, Russia, France, the UK and South Korea produce an amazing number of patents and research papers,
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the United States still dominates in producing most of the high-impact patents, breakthroughs and discoveries.
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For example, a person in South Korea may come up with a new type of shoelacing.
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That's good, that's a patent, but it's not going to change the world like quantum computing or reusable orbital rockets.
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Or will it?
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That's it from me for now and until next time, bye bye!
ดาวน์โหลดแอป
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AI ให้คะแนนการออกเสียงให้คะแนนทุกประโยค
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บริบทและพื้นฐาน
ในวิดีโอนี้ ผู้พูดได้สำรวจประวัติศาสตร์สิ่งประดิษฐ์ต่างๆ จากหลายประเทศ โดยเขาพยายามค้นหาว่าประเทศใดที่มีการประดิษฐ์มากที่สุดตลอดเวลา เขาได้นำข้อมูลจากหนังสือและแหล่งข้อมูลอื่นๆ เพื่อสร้างรายชื่อของสิ่งประดิษฐ์ที่สำคัญ และสำรวจข้อสงสัยเกี่ยวกับแหล่งกำเนิดของสิ่งประดิษฐ์ในแต่ละประเทศ การวิเคราะห์นี้ไม่เพียงแต่ช่วยให้เราเห็นถึงความสำคัญของนวัตกรรมในแต่ละประเทศ แต่ยังเปิดโอกาสให้เราได้ฝึกพูดและออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ
5 วลีที่สำคัญสำหรับการสื่อสารประจำวัน
- Which is the MVP? (ประเทศไหนที่เป็นอันดับหนึ่ง?)
- What about before? (ก่อนหน้านี้ล่ะ?)
- Let's check out the results. (มาดูผลลัพธ์กันเถอะ)
- It just means whatever they invented was not listed. (แค่นั้นแหละหมายความว่าสิ่งที่พวกเขาประดิษฐ์ไม่ได้ถูกระบุ)
- A few of the countries will have some asterisks. (บางประเทศอาจมีหมายเหตุ)
คู่มือชาโดว์อิ้งแบบขั้นตอน
ในการฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษจากวิดีโอนี้ คุณสามารถใช้วิธีชาโดว์อิ้งภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อปรับปรุงการออกเสียงและความเข้าใจในการสนทนาได้ โดยทำตามขั้นตอนดังนี้:
- ฟังวิดีโออย่างตั้งใจ: เริ่มต้นด้วยการฟังวิดีโอโดยไม่มองที่คำบรรยาย เพื่อให้คุณเข้าใจเนื้อหาและอารมณ์ของผู้พูด.
- เปิดคำบรรยาย: หลังจากฟังอย่างตั้งใจแล้ว ให้เปิดดูคำบรรยายเพื่อตรวจสอบความเข้าใจในเนื้อหาที่คุณฟัง.
- เริ่มฝึกชาโดว์อิ้ง: ลองพูดซ้ำตามผู้พูดในขณะเดียวกัน โดยพยายามเลียนแบบน้ำเสียงและการออกเสียง เช่น “Let's check out the results.”
- บันทึกเสียงของคุณ: ฟังเสียงของตัวเองและเปรียบเทียบกับผู้พูด เพื่อดูว่ามีจุดไหนที่ยังต้องปรับปรุง เช่น การออกเสียงหรือจังหวะ.
- ฝึกซ้ำ: ทำซ้ำขั้นตอนนี้อย่างน้อย 3-4 ครั้ง เพื่อให้คุณคุ้นเคยกับการพูดและสามารถจำศัพท์ใหม่ๆ ได้.
การใช้ออกเสียงแบบชาโดว์อิ้งนี้จะช่วยให้คุณได้ปรับปรุงการออกเสียงภาษาอังกฤษ และสามารถสร้างความมั่นใจในขณะที่สนทนาได้มากขึ้น
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | were not listed · be considered · was born |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | people who made · man who put · fire, which is |
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ