Shadowing Practice: which country invented the most stuff? - Learn English Speaking with Video
בחר מצב תרגול
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235 משפטים
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1
Throughout the course of time, many nations have invented many things.
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But which is the MVP?
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Which one takes the cake?
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Which one invented the cake?
5
Or the icing?
6
Or the candles?
7
Well, obviously it has to be my country, Australia.
8
But just in case it isn't, I decided to investigate.
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So I got hold of the latest edition of 1001 Inventions That Changed the World, and went through the entire thing, and took note of every invention and every inventor,
10
and their country of birth.
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A few inventions were not listed, so I got another book and gave it the same treatment, and then rounded it all off by looking up the most important inventions from the last few years
12
that were not in either book, and a website or two listing a few more inventions.
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Now, several problems spring to mind in figuring out such a list.
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For example, many ancient inventions are unknown as to their place of origin, and anonymous as to their inventor.
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Secondly, geopolitical change.
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Example, Tesla.
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Nikola Tesla was ethnically a Serb, but born in what's now Croatia.
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But when Croatia was part of the Austrian Empire, and he later moved to the United States and became an American citizen, should his inventions post-US citizenship be considered American?
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What about before?
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Naturally, a few of the countries will have some asterisks, but generally my guiding principle was the place in which the inventor was born as it corresponds to today's borders.
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Now, this book deals with physical inventions, not conceptual ones.
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For example, you won't find the invention of calculus or communism or didactic philosophy or even the discovery of DNA.
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Things, processes, that is what we're dealing with here.
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Concepts in action.
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So let's see what countries produced the most concepts in action.
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Right, wow.
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So it took me five days but I did it and the results were very surprising.
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All up I ended with 1089 inventions.
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Here's a map of all the countries that have at least one invention or co-invention that I came across.
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There's 66 of them.
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Note, this does not mean the countries in grey never invented anything, it just means whatever they invented was not listed in the sources I examined.
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Yes, I think pretty much every major invention was covered, but that doesn't mean only the countries in blue invented stuff.
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Obviously, the people who made the lists are prejudiced, so let's give them a nice punch.
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Okay, but seriously, with what we've got, let's check out the results.
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These are the countries with one listed invention, and hey, one's better than none, and some here I thought would have more,
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but in any case, I was pleasantly surprised to see Barbados make the cut.
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And here's the man responsible, Alan Emtage, a computer scientist who developed the world's first internet search engine.
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Now the man who put Bangladesh on our map developed, along with his team, the text-to-image AI model's stable diffusion.
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But while he was born in Jordan, he is not only ethnically Bengali, but spent his childhood in Bangladesh before emigrating to the UK.
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So I thought it best to include him for Bangladesh.
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With Hong Kong, I decided to keep it separate from China because it is, after all, a special administrative area.
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And the special fellow who put them on our inventive map is David T.
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Wong, who, along with Brian Malloy and Ray Fuller, came up with the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine or Prozac.
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Now, the countries with two inventions also have a number of asterisks.
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Lebanon's two are both ancient.
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One, the dry dock, was by a Phoenician working in Ptolemaic Egypt.
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The other is more speculative, glass.
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Lebanon is one of four possible locations for the invention of man-made glass, the others being Syria, Iraq, or Egypt.
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Estonia's two listed inventions were both by Germans when Estonia was part of the Russian Empire.
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For Zambia, we are reliant on archaeology, but are not 100% certain.
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But it's there we find in ancient times the first examples of paint and carpentry.
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Here are the countries with three listed inventions.
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Argentina gave us the intravascular stent, which helps doctors open blocked blood vessels in operations.
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Ireland's Stafford O'Brien helped give us anodized aluminium or aluminum as they say in the US, the process by
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which the metal is submerged in electrified sulfuric acid creating a nice strong rust resistant outer layer
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and it's used for parts and things ranging from phones and computers to aircraft and cookware.
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Israel gave us the USB flash drive and voice over IP
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which facilitated vocal communication through the internet rather than a phone line.
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I believe they also gave us the Uzi but that wasn't listed.
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Kenya perhaps was the country to give us the most important invention of all, controlled fire, which is what got everything started.
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For the ancient Greeks, fire was a gift secretly given to human beings by the titan Prometheus, for which crime he was brutally punished by the gods of Olympus.
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These are the countries with four listed inventions.
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Jordans are all ancient, such as granaries and plaster, and New Zealand's are all not ancient, like the jet boat, and synthetic zeolites,
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by which chemical reactions can be controlled at the molecular level.
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Serbia's four borrow all Nikola Tesla and yes he was born in Croatia
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when it was under Austrian rule but I added him jointly with Serbia
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because I remembered it's not smart to make Serbs angry.
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So, Serbia, four inventions including remote communication and the AC form of electric current
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which is what you and I use every single day.
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South Korea could be five but one of the inventions I listed simply as Korea
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because I couldn't find out whether the medieval inventor was born in the north or south.
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But the other Korean inventions include the good old internet cafe
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and the transistor involved in computer data being saved as opposed to being deleted when the power is off, which was a problem in early computer days.
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South Africa scores five points with inventions ranging from the bow and arrow to the vaccine for yellow fever.
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The other place with five points is nowhere land, the question mark.
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These inventions have no certain place of origin.
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This includes pliers, the lever, and bitcoin.
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Ukraine has six points, most of them from the Soviet era, including the principle of the synchrotron particle accelerator.
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With seven points we have Belgium, which gave us the internal combustion engine, electrical generator, the vaccine for whooping cough, and the saxophone by Adolf Sachs.
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He also invented this thing.
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Croatia, which gave us the torpedo, fingerprinting, and the electric speedometer.
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Iran gave us the winch, the windmill, and the cable modem.
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Denmark has nine points.
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Its inventions include the electromagnetic discoveries of Hans Christian Örstel and an early radio transmitter and most importantly of all, LEGO.
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These two countries have 10 points each.
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All of Turkey's are pre-modern and most date from pre-Turkish times, with ancient Anatolians being credited with inventing woven cloth, steel, and the sword.
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Syria's are also all pre-modern and and include such inventions as the dried brick and blown glass.
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Now, what do we have here?
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Aha!
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Australia's up next.
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What's our score?
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200?
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300 more likely.
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I'll tell you what's embarrassing.
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It's not even certain that we invented the boomerang.
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The oldest one ever discovered was found in Poland.
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But seriously, Australia's done pretty good in my opinion, especially for a country with these things all over the place.
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Some of the listed Aussie inventions include the cardiac pacemaker, the black box flight recorder, and Wi-Fi.
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Three countries scored 12 points.
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Poland gave us the blender, the mercury thermometer, and the co-invention of electric arc welding, and the hydrogen bomb.
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If that makes you feel stressed, here, have some Valium, another Polish invention.
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Meanwhile, Austria developed the printing technique of lithography, the screw propeller, the insecticide DDT, but what does DDT stand for?
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Oh, and the co-invention of the electron spectrometer.
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I don't know what that is but it sounds smart.
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And with Spain we have the first steam pump, the auto gyro, the wheelchair and the modern novel.
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The guitar also comes from Spain but I didn't see it listed.
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India scored 16 points with inventions ranging from the spinning wheel, chess and sewerage system in ancient times,
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to fiber optic cables, web syndication and GMOs.
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Though while this man was pivotal in the popularization of genetically modified organisms, they were in fact pioneered by two Americans.
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The Netherlands racked up 17 points giving us the microscope, the telescope, the Snellen eye test, the electrocardiograph, kidney dialysis, and color night vision.
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Sweden, 18 points, invented the padlock, safety matches, dynamite, but not safety dynamite, the blowtorch, the adjustable wrench,
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ultra centrifuge, which could measure the weight and movement of molecules, and the three-point seat belt.
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20 points goes to Switzerland, which gave us the Swiss army knife.
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No, that can't be right.
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The turbocharger, cellophane, the chainsaw, velcro, and the comic strip.
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But all this is nothing compared to the country's greatest invention, milk chocolate.
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20 points also goes to Greece, with many ancient inventions including the aqueduct, the crane, the catapult, the Archimedes screw,
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the compound pulley, and modern achievements like the co-invention of artificial skin and contributions to laser eye surgery.
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Now, Canada scored 22 points.
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The improved radio transmitter, the square-headed screw, the mass spectrometer, the snowmobile, the ground proximity warning system, enhancing security for air travel.
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They also invented peanut butter, but that wasn't listed anywhere.
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23 points goes to Japan, which invented instant coffee, the inkjet printer, the bipedal robot, artificial liver, optical camouflage, and the vaccine for chicken pox.
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No mention of anime though.
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I wish I were a bird.
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26 points were scored jointly by Egypt and Iraq.
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Every single one of Egypt's inventions are from ancient times, except for one, which was a contribution to the development of the MOSFET transistor,
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a tiny efficient electronic switch that is a fundamental building block of almost all modern digital electronics.
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Before this, Egypt's listed inventions are from ancient times.
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Papyrus, the sail, the chair, the saw, the umbrella, scissors and nails.
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With Iraq, all their inventions are from pre-modern times, mostly from ancient Mesopotamia.
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Metalworking, irrigation, the map, the rowboat, the canal, the wheel, writing, soap, the toilet, fired brick and,
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in medieval times, the lens.
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27 points for Russia, whose inventions range from synthetic rubber to the space station, the periodic table of the elements and the theremin, to the helicopter and the first satellite.
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Now, with an impressive score of 40 is China, which invented pottery, the bell, ink, the rudder, silk, the crossbow, the compass, paper, the wheelbarrow,
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gunpowder, the woodblock printer, fireworks, and, in modern times, magnetic core memory, an early type of RAM, synthetic blood developed by Thomas M.S.
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Chang, whom the book mistakenly called Chan, IVF and the surgical robot.
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But with 44 points is the much smaller country of Scotland.
138
The land of lochs gave the world the steam engine with separate condenser by James Watt, the threshing machine, gas lighting, the waterproof raincoat, the thermostat,
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the steam hammer, the pneumatic tyre, chloroform anesthetic, the oil refinery, the hydraulic jack, colour photography, the telephone, time zones, the electric drill,
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the steering wheel, television, radar, beta blockers which help manage blood pressure and aid heart issues and anxiety, and the ATM.
141
Now if you factor in Scotland's historically tiny population, its inventiveness is perhaps the most extraordinary in the world.
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So good work Scotland, ratio wise you're the MVP.
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Now with 46 points is Italy.
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Its inventing spans from ancient times when it gave us glue, wick candles, ball bearings, the architectural dome and horseshoe,
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to medieval slash renaissance times with spectacles, jeans, musical notation, the Gregorian calendar, and the anemometer to measure wind speed,
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to early modern times with the barometer and hygrometer and the piano, to the invention of the battery by Alessandro Volta, electroplating, the other telephone guy,
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big contributions to radio, big contributions to the nuclear reactor, and the jacuzzi.
148
Pizza was not listed however, which is ridiculous us.
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We get a big jump now with the next country, France.
150
102 points.
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From exceedingly ancient times, there were breakthroughs like the first known built shelter, braided rope, oil lamp, and chisel, to inventions from more documented times, such as the vernier scale,
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centrifugal pump, metronome, steamboat, the hot air balloon, the parachute, the metric system, stethoscope, braille, photography, the airship,
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rechargeable storage battery, pasteurization, in which harmful microorganisms are eliminated from products such as milk, barbed wire, the vaccine for cholera,
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the vaccine for rabies, the vaccine for tuberculosis, the incubator, the septic tank, the first motion picture camera, the hairdryer, the more influential film camera,
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the outboard motor, the slidey tube lipstick thingamajig, the anti-lock braking system, scuba diving, the radial tyre, non-stick pans,
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computer-aided manufacturing, and the food processor.
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Pretty good France, but Germany's up next with an impressive 115 points, the flute, the coiled spring, Gutenberg's printing press, the newspaper,
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the magnetometer, artificial fertilizer, the Bunsen burner, the microphone, the revolving door, the motorcycle, the car or automobile,
159
the motorboat, x-ray photography, the aspirin, synthetic detergent, the coffee filter, the harbor process, which converts nitrogen to ammonia,
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a process vital to modern fertilizers and which is responsible for feeding about half the world's population, polystyrene, the vaccine for diphtheria,
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electron microscope, ballistic missiles, the first digital electronic computer, the co-invention of cloning, the first video game console,
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the scanning tunneling microscope, mp3, co-invention of the driverless car, high temperature superconductor, the AI chatbot,
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and the atom laser, which sounds like something out of a sci-fi movie.
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Now scoring 166 points is a small green section of the earth known as England.
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Its inventions include, and we're Starting off big here, the sandwich.
166
Hey, come on, they're good.
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Coke-based iron smelting, in which processed coal replaced charcoal in the smelting of iron, which made iron stronger and cheaper and encouraged ramped-up production, key to the Industrial Revolution,
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as was the atmospheric steam engine and spinning jenny, which massively increased textile production.
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Then there was the marine chronometer, compound steam engine, powered loom, gas turbine, the corkscrew, the hydraulic press, vaccination,
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the first being Edward Jenner's cure for smallpox which is believed to have saved more lives than anything else in human history.
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Then there was the locomotive, the train, the light bulb, which had its beginnings in Sir Humphrey Davy's ARC lamp, canned goods, blood transfusions, the fire extinguisher,
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the electric motor, and, by the same guy, the balloon, the lawnmower, the mechanical computer, postage stamps, standardized screw system,
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variable resistor, the first computer program, Portland cement, the third most manufactured thing on the planet, the rubber band, the hydraulic crane,
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the Francis turbine, trawler fishing, the Bessemer process which revolutionized steel production, celluloid, linoleum, antiseptic surgery, Vaseline,
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the steam turbine, the safety bicycle, Meccano, the electric vacuum cleaner, indicators and electric turn signals, stainless steel, the tank, flip-flop circuits,
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providing the foundation for modern electronics, the co-invention of animation, cat's eyes, the co-invention of the jet engine, the intraocular lens, the hovercraft,
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the backhoe loader, the hip replacement, DNA profiling, and the World Wide Web, the system by which we can access the internet.
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But somehow this wonderful magical source was not listed.
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I wish I had some Worcestershire sauce.
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I can't say Worcestershire.
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Now, if we add England's inventions to those of Scotland and Wales for a combined total of what they in fact are, a unified country, the UK, we get a whopping 213 points.
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But even that's not enough to beat the number one country, the country that invented the most stuff, which is...
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Hey, what's that sound?
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Oh no. That's right, the United States of America, who scored a mind-blowing 410 points.
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That's over a third of all inventions.
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Wow, incredible!
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These inventions include, again roughly going in chronological order, the lightning rod, submersible craft, bifocals, there's Benjamin Franklin again,
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the cotton gin, massively expanding cotton production, the submarine, the breech loader rifle, dental floss, the combine harvester,
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the revolver, vulcanization, wherein rubber could be toughened, the grain elevator, ether anesthetic, the typewriter, ah here's a good one, the ice cream maker, morse code,
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the passenger elevator, the machine gun, the roller coaster, the paper clip, the air brake, the cutting wheel can opener,
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sand blasting, the phonograph, which first allowed us to hear recorded sound, the electric iron, the electric fan, the dissolvable pill, the skyscraper,
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the dishwasher, the escalator, the ferris wheel, breakfast cereal, the powered hearing aid, radiotherapy, the zoom lens, the silencer,
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air conditioning, windshield wipers, the plane, the tea bag, automatic transmission, the tractor, infrared photography, the liquid fuel rocket,
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traffic lights, the pop-up toaster, micro electrodes, technicolor bringing color to films, sound in films, the bulldozer,
195
power steering, PVC, masking tape, the electric guitar, the phillips screw, the trampoline, nylon, fiberglass, surround sound,
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night vision goggles, the bazooka, super glue, cruise control, the microwave oven, Chemotherapy The Transistor These are minuscule electronic amplifiers and switches
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that control electricity's flow and help to launch the digital age Now you'd think that'd be enough
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but they couldn't help themselves
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and kept inventing stuff The Defibrillator The Supersonic Aircraft The first
200
plane to break the sound barrier The Barcode The Robot The
201
Credit Card The Airbag The Vaccine for Polio WD-40 Automatic Doors
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The Hard Disk Drive Big Contributions to AI The Artificial Neural Network The Integrated Circuit The Laser The industrial robot.
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The space observatory.
204
LED.
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UAVs, drones.
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Plasma screens.
207
The vaccine for rubella.
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Kevlar.
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The virtual reality headset.
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The main book I was going by misspelled Morton as Morgan.
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Graphical user interface.
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LCD.
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RAM.
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The cochlear implant.
215
The cellular mobile phone.
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Email.
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The personal computer.
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The supercomputer.
219
Okay, that's enough.
220
The word processor gene therapy, reusable spacecraft, internet protocol, MMOs, the touchpad, the Hubble Space Telescope,
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Java computing language, USB connection, stem cell therapy, the smartphone, cloud computing, the synthetic genome,
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the tablet computer, the artificial womb, quantum error correction breakthroughs.
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I don't know what that means.
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Space-based planetary defense and brain-computer interfaces, and that was just some of them.
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I was frankly astounded to see the sheer dominance of the US from the 20th century onward.
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Even with the inventions by non-Americans in this time frame, most of them did their work and research in the United States.
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Why was this?
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Well, partly the answer must be due to massive funding compared to other nations, NIH, NSF, DARPA, NASA, as well as prestigious educational facilities,
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Ivy League colleges, MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, Silicon Valley.
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While places like China, Germany, Japan, Russia, France, the UK and South Korea produce an amazing number of patents and research papers,
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the United States still dominates in producing most of the high-impact patents, breakthroughs and discoveries.
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For example, a person in South Korea may come up with a new type of shoelacing.
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That's good, that's a patent, but it's not going to change the world like quantum computing or reusable orbital rockets.
234
Or will it?
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That's it from me for now and until next time, bye bye!
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “which country invented the most stuff?”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: invention, ancient, listed. בסרטון הזה יש 234 משפטים ו-3226 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 19:09. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-169 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. רק 71% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית, כך שאוצר המילים מאתגר.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| invention שם עצם | /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ | הַמְצָאָה |
| vaccine שם עצם | /vækˈsin/ | חִסּוּן, חיסון |
| transistor שם עצם | /tɹænˈzɪs.tɚ/ | טרנזיסטור |
| microscope שם עצם | /ˈmaɪ.kɹəˌskoʊp/ | מִיקְרוֹסְקוֹפִּ |
| turbine שם עצם | /ˈtɜː.baɪn/ | טוּרְבִּינָה |
| breakthrough שם עצם | /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/ | פריצת־דרך |
| medieval שם תואר | /mɪdˈi.vəl/ | בֵּינַיְמִי |
| anesthetic שם עצם | /ˌænəsˈθɛtɪk/ | סם אלחוש, סם הרדמה |
| smelting שם עצם | הִתּוּךְ, זִקּוּק יָבֵשׁ | |
| tyre שם עצם | /taɪə(ɹ)/ | צְמִיג |
| dynamite שם עצם | /ˈdaɪ.nəˌmaɪt/ | דִינָמִיט |
| steer פועל | /stɪɹ/ | נוהג, נוהג ב־ |
| telescope שם עצם | /ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/ | טֶלֶסְקוֹפּ |
| glue שם עצם | /ɡlu/ | דֶבֶק |
| electron שם עצם | /ɪˈlɛk.tɹɑn/ | אֶלֶקְטְרוֹן |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | משמעות |
|---|---|
| check out פועל | בדק |
| figure out פועל | הֵבִין, מצא תשובה |
משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם
משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:
- Things, processes, that is what we're dealing with here.
- I'll tell you what's embarrassing.
- It's not even certain that we invented the boomerang.
- I don't know what that means.
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | were not listed · be considered · was born |
| משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דבר | people who made · man who put · fire, which is |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-20 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו can't, couldn't, don't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: synthetic /sɪnˈθɛtɪk/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, anesthetic /ˌænəsˈθɛtɪk/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: invention /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: anesthetic /ˌænəsˈθɛtɪk/, spectrometer /spɛkˈtɹɒm.ɪ.tə/, elevator /ˈɛləˌveɪtɚ/, automobile /ˈɔː.tə.məˌbil/, influential /ɪnflʊˈɛnʃəl/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: vaccine /vækˈsin/, transistor /tɹænˈzɪs.tɚ/, anesthetic /ˌænəsˈθɛtɪk/, asterisk /ˈæstəɹɪsk/, massively /ˈmæs.ɪv.li/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: transistor /tɹænˈzɪs.tɚ/, microscope /ˈmaɪ.kɹəˌskoʊp/, hydraulic /haɪˈdɹɔːlɪk/, breakthrough /ˈbɹeɪk.θɹuː/, asterisk /ˈæstəɹɪsk/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו invention, vaccine, transistor.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.