ฝึกพูดภาษาอังกฤษด้วยเทคนิค Shadowing จากวิดีโอ: Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government #1
เลือกโหมดฝึก
แต่ละโหมดจะเปิดห้องฝึกแบบเต็มจอ
136 ประโยค
หากประโยคสั้นหรือยาวเกินไป กดที่ Edit เพื่อปรับแก้
1
Maybe you've noticed.
2
The echo chambers are loud.
3
The divisions wide.
4
Our Fox News dads and our MSNBC moms may as well be living in different dimensions.
5
And our majestic eagle friend is looking way less majestic than when we last saw him.
6
You okay there, Baldi?
7
Stop picking at your feathers.
8
You're only going to make it worse.
9
So how did we get here?
10
Screaming at each other across an ever -growing cavernous divide?
11
And what does that mean for the fate of this country?
12
Hi, I'm Kushan Avidar, this is Crash Course, and we're answering big questions on US government.
13
While it's true that the media we consume contributes greatly to our super -polarized political culture,
14
to understand the full scope of what's going on, we have to take an even wider view because this thing we've got going on goes back a long time.
15
For decades, there's been a widening divide between the two major political parties in terms of political ideology,
16
where people fall on the spectrum of beliefs about how society should work.
17
Very simply, from left to right, liberal to conservative.
18
And when we say liberal and conservative, we're not actually talking about Democrats and Republicans, at least not yet.
19
Liberal really just means falling on the left side of our political spectrum.
20
These folks tend to support more government involvement in people's lives.
21
Conservatives on the right side of the spectrum want the government to conserve the status quo, which usually means less intervention both socially and economically.
22
So for example, a liberal person would probably support government -funded healthcare, while a conservative person might think that's something better left to private companies.
23
In a centrist political culture, most voters hold moderate views, falling somewhere between liberal and conservatives.
24
Sure, you've got your fair share of leftists and right -wingers, but the largest cluster of voters are hanging out in the middle, and in an election, they could swing either way.
25
But in a culture of political polarization, like ours, voters are camped out farther away from each other in their views.
26
These days, we tend to think of the political spectrum as falling along party lines,
27
with liberal meaning the same thing as Democrat and conservative meaning the same thing as Republican, with a vast, seemingly uncrossable canyon between them.
28
But the left -right divide between the parties wasn't always this clear cut.
29
So what happened?
30
To help explain things, let's head over to my colleague, historian Buff.
31
Just Buff, that's his whole name.
32
Hi there, Kusha.
33
You are not what I was expecting.
34
What do you mean?
35
Don't worry about it, Buff.
36
Go ahead, friend.
37
You got it, Kusha.
38
Well, back in the day, political parties didn't really mean the same thing they do now.
39
There were liberals and conservatives sprinkled throughout both parties.
40
I'll give you an example.
41
In the wake of the Civil War, in the period known as Reconstruction, who do you think led the charge to expand voting and civil rights for Black Americans?
42
It was liberal Republicans from New England.
43
And who do you think instituted Jim Crow laws that made it harder for Black Americans to exercise those rights?
44
It was conservative Southern Democrats. In fact, the voting records of Southern Democrats in Congress skewed significantly more
45
conservative than their Northern Republican brethren until well into the 20th century.
46
And here's an interesting way that shows up.
47
In 1964, President Lyndon B.
48
Johnson, himself a Democrat, signed the Civil Rights Act into law.
49
The act made it illegal to discriminate and segregate by race in public spaces, and it generally enjoyed pretty bipartisan support in Congress.
50
But the folks who didn't support it, most weren't Republicans.
51
They were Dems from Johnson's own party.
52
When white, conservative Southern Democrats saw other Democratic presidents like LBJ and his predecessor JFK embracing civil rights legislation,
53
it sent a message.
54
Democrats became the party more associated with the civil rights movement.
55
So those conservative Democrats steadily left the party for the Republican Party, or died out.
56
Congress was pretty old, even back in the 60s.
57
Meanwhile, those liberal Republicans decided to fully align themselves with the Party of Civil Rights and made the swap over to the Dems.
58
Back to you, Kusha.
59
I'm sorry.
60
Thanks, Buff.
61
That is just one example of how party alignment shifted during the mid -20th century, giving us the system we know today,
62
with Democrats being pretty universally liberal or left -leaning and Republicans being pretty universally conservative or right -leaning with a,
63
you guessed it, ever -widening gap between them.
64
These days, when Congress does manage to get legislation passed, it's often not with the same bipartisan support of the days of yore.
65
Like 2025's One Big Beautiful Bill Act passed through the House with support from 218 out of 220 total House Republicans and,
66
count it, zero Democrats.
67
The 1960s set us off on a journey where conservative and liberal have become more and more synonymous with Republican and Democrat.
68
And things have started to turn into kind of a self -perpetuating spiral of polarized intensity.
69
As the parties become more associated with specific values, like liberal support for LGBTQ plus rights, or conservative support for the Second Amendment,
70
they attract people with those same values, which then enforce those conservative or liberal associations.
71
All of this makes it a lot easier for people to fit neatly into slots along the left -right continuum, a process known as ideological sorting.
72
Essentially, it's become a lot easier to guess which party somebody supports just by their stance on individual things like abortion, taxes, gun control, foreign policy,
73
the environment, or importantly, their go -to news network, and a lot harder for voters to hang out in the center.
74
But it's not just that Democrats and Republicans have grown apart in terms of how they think about issues.
75
They've also grown apart in terms of who they are as people.
76
Until recently, you couldn't reliably predict someone's political party based on their gender or race or anything like that.
77
But thanks to what's known as social sorting, for the past two decades or so, certain identities have become increasingly tied to one party over another.
78
Take gender for example.
79
Across the entire US population, men today are more likely to identify as Republicans and women more likely to identify as Democrats.
80
To be clear, that doesn't mean there aren't men or women who buck the trend.
81
There definitely are.
82
It's just that gender is becoming a stronger predictor.
83
And so is race.
84
White voters are more likely than any other racial or ethnic group to identify as Republican, while Black voters are more likely than any other group to identify as Democrats.
85
So even though women in general more often vote Democrat, if we look at exit poll data on votes cast by white women in the 2024 election,
86
the Republican candidate Donald Trump comes out four percentage points higher than his opponent Kamala Harris.
87
On top of all these other factors, there's a growing geographic divide too.
88
People in rural areas increasingly identify as Republicans, while people in urban areas identify as Democrats.
89
So thanks to the combined effects of ideological sorting and social sorting, our politics aren't just something we believe, they're becoming who we are.
90
So it didn't take just one ingredient to cook up our current situation.
91
It was decades of shifting party ideology, calcifying identities, and increasing partisanship from both sides.
92
And as the gap between us widens, it's harder and harder to find common ground.
93
What do we have left?
94
Gardening?
95
The Bachelor?
96
The Bachelor in Paradise?
97
Of course, political polarization has way bigger consequences than, like, it's hard to know what to talk about at family dinner.
98
As political affiliation becomes more closely linked to other core parts of who people are,
99
it stops being just a political identity and becomes something new — a mega -identity, or one identity and set of values to rule all others.
100
The term mega -identity was coined by political scientist Liliana Mason in the 2010s.
101
It describes a pattern where someone's partisan identity, whether they define themselves as Republican or Democrat,
102
affects how they see and interact with people that identify the other way.
103
And as a result, we're more likely to think bad stuff about the other side or even view them as a threat.
104
Research has shown a rise in what's known as affective polarization, a kind of polarization that goes way beyond whether or not the two sides disagree on policy issues,
105
dipping into big emotions like distrust, animosity, and contempt.
106
In other words, the more polarized we get, the less we recognize each other as 3D human beings and the more we cast each other as 2D bad guys.
107
And that has direct consequences on Election Day.
108
Voters are increasingly motivated less by what they like about their own party's platform
109
and more by negative partisanship or their hatred for the other party.
110
This isn't new by any means.
111
Negative campaign ads were swaying your grandpappy's vote before you were born.
112
But as Republicans and Democrats have gotten more polarized, negative partisanship has become increasingly powerful.
113
More and more, we're out there voting against someone instead of for someone to the point where we might start to ignore candidates'
114
actual political platforms.
115
And I know we've been talking about national stuff, but the inability to divorce politics and partisanship can also affect voting habits at the more local level,
116
leading to nationalization.
117
Basically, as the parties have divided into these two big,
118
at -odds camps, voters increasingly cast ballots based on what they know about the national party they identify with or identify against.
119
Not necessarily what's happening in their own town.
120
And unfortunately for us, our country, and our little eagle friend Baldi,
121
all these effects of increasing partisanship feed back into the causes.
122
It is a vicious cycle, creating a feedback loop that's really shi - bad.
123
Because not only is it seeping into how we, the citizens, interact with each other, but how the people running our government work together to actually get stuff done.
124
Just because something's hard doesn't mean it's not possible.
125
Our government and our country as a whole has weathered plenty of challenges
126
and come out on the other side with a desire to be better.
127
And today there are plenty of people, both in the government and on the street, willing to reach across the aisle to work together for a better future.
128
Today's super -polarized politics have been brewing for decades, but it's not the end.
129
And there are plenty of people thinking there must be a better way.
130
So next time, that's exactly what we're asking.
131
Why does the US only have two major political parties?
132
This episode of Crash Course Big Questions on US Government was produced in partnership with USA Facts,
133
a non -partisan civic tech project that makes government data easier to understand.
134
For more resources that go along with these videos, go to usafacts .org slash crash course.
135
Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Big Questions on US Government, which was filmed in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was made with the help of all these nice people.
136
If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever, you can join our community on Patreon.
ดาวน์โหลดแอป
ทุกอย่างที่ต้องใช้เพื่อพูดได้คล่อง
AI ให้คะแนนการออกเสียงให้คะแนนทุกประโยค
ฝึก IPAเชี่ยวชาญทุกเสียง
คำศัพท์สร้างคลังคำของคุณ
เกมคำศัพท์เล่นไปเรียนไป
ช่องเดียวกัน
B21
The Bicameral Congress: Crash Course Government and Politics #2
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B21
Crash Course US History Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C1What's all the Yellen About? Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve: Crash Course Economics #10
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
How Water Shapes the Land: Crash Course Geology #9
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B24
How Often do Asteroids Hit the Earth?: Crash Course Geology #20
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
B210
Crash Course Sex Ed Preview
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Derivatives: Crash Course Physics #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C13
Indus Valley Civilization: Crash Course World History #2
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B22
Ancient Egypt: Crash Course World History #4
Daily ConversationHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C12
What is Engineering?: Crash Course Engineering #1
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B22
The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5
Cambridge Exam PrepHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
C13
The Secret to Business Writing: Crash Course Business - Soft Skills #3
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Supervised Learning: Crash Course AI #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
The Periodic Table: Crash Course Chemistry #4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
B22
Where Do Diamonds Come From?: Crash Course Geology #8
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
C11
Tissues, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #2
Cambridge Exam PrepUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Where Did Democracy Come From, and Does It Still Work?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
The Nucleus: Crash Course Chemistry #1
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B21
Defense Against the Dark Arts of Influence: Crash Course Business Soft Skills #2
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B24
Planning & Organization: Crash Course Study Skills #4
Business EnglishHigh School StudentsUniversity Students
FOR YOU
วิดีโอแนะนำ
C12
230 ประโยค
The Liberalism to Fascism Pipeline (Neoliberalism Explained)
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
59 ประโยค
How Can You Change Somebody's Opinion?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
39 ประโยค
What is the role of emotion in political psychology?
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
B23
283 ประโยค
Cocky MAGA Kid Can't DEFEND Trump's Actions and RUNS AWAY
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
104 ประโยค
Tommy Nguyen: Woke Culture HAS Gone Too Far - 5/8 | Oxford Union
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C11
722 ประโยค
World Order By Henry Kissinger
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
C12
93 ประโยค
How Culture affects your Personality
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
152 ประโยค
Both Russia and America only pursue power, not principle, argues Moosa Haraj
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
138 ประโยค
The Internet is Worse Than Ever – Now What?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
84 ประโยค
Contemporary Topics 3 Unit 8 POLICIAL SCIENCE big brother and the surveillance society
Daily ConversationUniversity Students
คำศัพท์และข้อสังเกตด้านการพูดสำหรับบทเรียนนี้
บทเรียนฝึกพูดระดับ B2 นี้ใช้วิดีโอ “Why Are US Politics Today So Divisive?: Crash Course US Government” เป็นสื่อ คำที่ถูกพูดซ้ำบ่อยที่สุด: Democrat, Republican, conservative, liberal, identify วิดีโอนี้มี 136 ประโยค และ 1899 คำ สำหรับฝึกพูดตาม ช่วงที่มีเสียงพูดยาว 12:07 ผู้พูดพูดด้วยความเร็วเป็นธรรมชาติ ประมาณ 157 คำต่อนาที ใกล้เคียงกับบทสนทนาในชีวิตประจำวัน 84% ของคำอยู่ใน 3,000 คำที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดในภาษาอังกฤษ ส่วนที่เหลือควรดูไว้ก่อนเริ่มฝึก
คำศัพท์สำคัญในวิดีโอนี้
คำที่ยากที่สุด 15 คำในวิดีโอ พร้อมคำอ่านและความหมาย:
| คำศัพท์ | คำอ่าน | ความหมาย |
|---|---|---|
| voter คำนาม | /ˈvoʊtɚ/ | ผู้เลือกตั้ง |
| ideology คำนาม | /aɪ.diˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | อุดมการณ์ |
| consequence คำนาม | /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/ | ผล, ผลลัพธ์ |
| eagle คำนาม | /ˈiːɡəl/ | อินทรี |
| discriminate คำกริยา | /dɪˈskɹɪm.əˌneɪt/ | เลือกปฏิบัติ |
| brew คำกริยา | /bɹuː/ | ชง |
| feather คำนาม | /ˈfɛðə/ | ขนนก, ขน |
| alignment คำนาม | /əˈlaɪn.mənt/ | การปรับแนว, การปรับตรง |
| consume คำกริยา | /kənˈsum/ | อุปโภค, ใช้ |
| historian คำนาม | /hɪˈstɔɹi.ən/ | นักประวัติศาสตร์ |
| canyon คำนาม | /ˈkænjən/ | หุบเขา, โกรกธาร |
| geographic คำคุณศัพท์ | /d͡ʒiəˈɡɹæfɪk/ | เกี่ยวกับภูมิศาสตร์ |
| colleague คำนาม | /ˈkɒliːɡ/ | เพื่อนร่วมงาน |
| echo คำนาม | /ˈɛk.oʊ/ | เสียงสะท้อน |
| stance คำนาม | /stæns/ | จุดยืน |
กริยาวลีที่คุณจะได้ยิน
| คำศัพท์ | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| go back คำกริยา | กลับไป |
| show up คำกริยา | โผล่ |
ประโยคที่ควรฝึกพูดซ้ำ
ประโยคสั้น ๆ ที่สมบูรณ์จากวิดีโอ ซึ่งนำไปใช้ในบทสนทนาประจำวันได้:
- You're only going to make it worse.
- What do you mean?
- I'll give you an example.
- What do we have left?
ไวยากรณ์ในวิดีโอนี้
โครงสร้างที่ผู้พูดใช้บ่อยที่สุด พร้อมคำพูดจริงจากวิดีโอ:
| โครงสร้าง | ในวิดีโอ |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — การกระทำที่เริ่มก่อนหน้านี้และยังดำเนินอยู่ | we've been talking · have been brewing |
| Present perfect have/has + กริยาช่อง 3 — เหตุการณ์ในอดีตที่ยังเกี่ยวข้องกับปัจจุบัน | you've noticed · there's been · have become |
| Passive voice be + กริยาช่อง 3 — เน้นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้น ไม่ใช่ผู้กระทำ | are camped · was coined · were born |
| Relative clauses who / which + อนุประโยค — ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคนหรือสิ่งของ | women who buck · Government, which was |
การออกเสียงที่ควรระวัง
ผู้พูดใช้รูปย่อและรูปลดเสียง 27 ครั้ง เช่น we're, didn't, aren't ให้พูดแบบสั้นตามที่ได้ยิน
- เสียง “th”: brethren /ˈbɹɛðɹən/, feather /ˈfɛðə/
- เสียง “sh” และ “zh”: partisanship /ˌpɑːtɪˈzænʃɪp/, polarization /ˌpoʊlərɪˈzeɪʃən/, affiliation /əˌfɪliˈeɪʃən/, vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/, socially /ˈsoʊʃəli/
- คำยาว — ลงเสียงหนักให้ถูกพยางค์: partisanship /ˌpɑːtɪˈzænʃɪp/, polarization /ˌpoʊlərɪˈzeɪʃən/, bipartisan /baɪˈpɑɹ.tə.sən/, universally /ˌjunɪˈvɝsəli/, ideological /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/
เสียงที่คนไทยมักออกเสียงยาก:
- เสียงท้ายคำ — ออกเสียงให้ครบ ไม่เปลี่ยนเป็นตัวสะกดแบบไทย: polarize /ˈpəʊ.lə.ɹaɪz/, ideological /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, eagle /ˈiːɡəl/, affective /əˈfɛktɪv/
- /v/ — ไม่ใช่ /w/ ให้ฟันบนแตะริมฝีปากล่าง: voter /ˈvoʊtɚ/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, universally /ˌjunɪˈvɝsəli/, affective /əˈfɛktɪv/, cavernous /ˈkæv.ɚ.nəs/
- /z/ — เสียงก้อง ไม่ใช่ /s/: partisanship /ˌpɑːtɪˈzænʃɪp/, polarize /ˈpəʊ.lə.ɹaɪz/, polarization /ˌpoʊlərɪˈzeɪʃən/, partisan /ˈpɑː.tɪˌzæn/
วิธีฝึกกับวิดีโอนี้
- ฟังวิดีโอให้จบหนึ่งรอบโดยยังไม่ต้องพูด แล้วจดคำที่ยังไม่รู้จัก
- เริ่มที่ความเร็ว 0.75× พูดตามทีละประโยค แล้วกลับไปใช้ความเร็วปกติเมื่อเริ่มคล่อง
- อัดเสียงตัวเองแล้วเทียบกับต้นฉบับ โดยสังเกตคำอย่าง voter, ideology, consequence เป็นพิเศษ
เทคนิค Shadowing คืออะไร?
Shadowing เป็นเทคนิคการเรียนรู้ภาษาที่ได้รับการรับรองทางวิทยาศาสตร์ พัฒนาขึ้นสำหรับการฝึกนักแปลมืออาชีพ วิธีการนี้เรียบง่ายแต่ทรงพลัง: คุณฟังเสียงภาษาอังกฤษจากเจ้าของภาษาและพูดตามทันที — เหมือนเงาที่ตามผู้พูดด้วยช่วงเวลาห่าง 1-2 วินาที การวิจัยแสดงว่าเทคนิคนี้ปรับปรุงความแม่นยำในการออกเสียง ทำนองเสียง จังหวะ การเชื่อมเสียง การฟังเข้าใจ และความคล่องแคล่วในการพูดได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญ