Shadowing Practice: Essentials: Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains | Dr. Matt MacDougall - Learn English Speaking with Video
Bir pratik modu seçin
Her mod tam ekran bir pratik odası açar.
368 cümleler
Cümleler çok kısa veya çok uzun ise, ayarlamak için Düzenle'ye tıklayın.
1
Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
2
I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.
3
And now for my discussion with Dr. Matthew McDougall.
4
Dr. McDougall, welcome.
5
Good to be here.
6
Just to kick things off, as a neurosurgeon and as a neuroscientist,
7
can you share with us your vision of the brain as an organ as it relates to what's possible there?
8
Surgeons tend to view the world a little bit differently than most because they like to fix and they like to mend.
9
And in your case, have the potential to add things into the brain that don't exist there already.
10
So how do you think about and conceptualize the brain as an organ?
11
And what do you think is really possible with the brain that most of us don't already probably think about?
12
The brain really is a collection of functional modules pinned together, duct taped together in this bone box attached to your head.
13
And sometimes you see very interesting failure modes.
14
So one of the most memorable patients I ever had was very early on in my training.
15
I was down at UC San Diego and saw a very young guy who had just been in a car accident.
16
We had operated on him.
17
And, you know, as is so often the case in neurosurgery, we had saved his life, potentially at the cost of quality of life.
18
When he woke from surgery with bilateral frontal lobe damage, he had essentially no impulse control left.
19
And so we were called back by his, you know, 80 -year -old recovery room nurse saying, you've got to come see your patient right away.
20
Something's wrong.
21
And we walk in to see him and he points at his elderly nurse and says, she won't have sex with me.
22
And, you know, it was apparent at that moment, his frontal lobes were gone.
23
And that person is never going to have reasonable human behavior again.
24
It's one of the most tragic ways to have a brain malfunction.
25
But, you know, anything a brain does, anything from control of hormone levels in your body to vision,
26
to sensation, to, you know, the most obvious thing, which is muscle movement of any kind from eye movement to moving your bicep.
27
All that comes out of the brain.
28
All of it can go wrong, any part of it or all of it.
29
So yeah, working with the brain is the substance of the brain as a surgeon, very high stakes.
30
But once in a while, you get a chance to really help.
31
You get a chance to fix something that seems unfixable.
32
and you have Lazarus -like miracles, not too uncommonly.
33
So it's extremely satisfying as a career.
34
Could you share with us one of the more satisfying experiences or what qualifies as satisfying in neurosurgery?
35
Yeah.
36
One of the relatively newer techniques that we do is
37
if someone comes in with a reasonably small tumor somewhere deep in the brain that's hard to get to, the traditional approach to taking
38
that out would involve cutting through a lot of good normal brain and disrupting a lot of neurons, a lot of white matter that, you know, kind of the wires connecting neurons.
39
Then the modern approach involves a two millimeter drill hole in the skull down
40
which you can pass a little fiber optic cannula
41
and attach it to a laser
42
and just heat the tumor up deep inside the brain under direct MRI visualization in real time.
43
So this person is in the MRI scanner.
44
You're taking pictures every second or so.
45
As the tumor heats up, you can monitor the temperature and get it exactly where you want it, where it's going to kill all those tumor cells,
46
but not hurt hardly any of the brain surrounding it.
47
And so not uncommonly nowadays, we have someone come in with a tumor that previously would have been catastrophic to operate on.
48
And we can eliminate that tumor with, you know, leaving a poke hole in their skin,
49
even in cases that previously would have considered totally inoperable,
50
say a tumor in the brainstem or a tumor in primary motor cortex or primary verbal areas,
51
Broca's area, where we would have expected to either not operate or do catastrophic damage.
52
Those people sometimes now are coming out unscathed in your role at Neuralink
53
and as a neurosurgeon in other clinical settings surely you are
54
using machines it's I think a very exciting time in which
55
engineers are starting to toss up big problems and go for it and obviously Elon is certainly among the best,
56
if not the best, in terms of going really big.
57
To the extent that you are allowed, could you share with us what the missions at Neuralink are and what the general scope of missions are?
58
And then, if possible, share with us some of the more specific goals.
59
I can imagine basic goals of trying to understand the brain and augment the brain.
60
I could imagine clinical goals of trying to repair things in humans that are suffering in some way.
61
Neuralink and I think Tesla and SpaceX before it end up being these blank canvases
62
that people project their hopes and fears onto.
63
And so we experience a lot of upside in this.
64
People, you know, assume that we have superpowers in our ability to alter the way brains work.
65
And people have terrifying fears of the horrible things we're going to do.
66
Those extremes are not true.
67
You know, we are making a neural implant.
68
We have a robotic insertion device
69
that helps place tiny electrodes smaller than the size of a human hair all throughout a small region of the brain.
70
In the first indication that we're aiming at,
71
we are hoping to implant a series of these electrodes into the brains of people
72
that have had a bad spinal cord injury.
73
So people that are essentially quadriplegic.
74
They have perfect brains, but they can't use them to move their body.
75
They can't move their arms or legs.
76
And so this pristine motor cortex up in their brain is completely capable of operating a human body.
77
It's just not wired properly any longer to a human's arms or legs.
78
And so our goal is to place this implant into a motor cortex
79
and have that person be able to then control a computer.
80
So a mouse and a keyboard as if they had their hands on a mouse and a keyboard, even though they aren't moving their hands.
81
Their motor intentions are coming directly out of the brain into the device,
82
and so they're able to regain their digital freedom and connect with the world through the internet.
83
Why use robotics to insert these chips?
84
These electrodes are so tiny, and the blood vessels on the surface of the brain are
85
so numerous and so densely packed that a human physically can't do this.
86
A human hand is not steady enough to grab this couple
87
micron width loop at the end of our electrode thread and place it accurately, blindly, by the way,
88
into the cortical surface accurately enough at the right depth to get through all the cortical layers that we want to reach.
89
I would love if human surgeons were essential to this process,
90
but very soon humans run out of motor skills sufficient to do this job and
91
so we are required in this case to lean on robots
92
to do this incredibly precise incredibly fast incredibly numerous placement of electrodes into the right area of the brain
93
so in some ways neural link is pioneering the development of robotic surgeons as much as it's pioneering the exploration
94
and augmentation and treatment of human brain conditions.
95
Right.
96
And as the device exists currently, as we're submitting it to the FDA, it is only for the placement of the electrodes,
97
the robot's part of the surgery.
98
I or another neurosurgeon still needs to do the more crude part of opening the skin
99
and skull and presenting the robot a pristine brain surface to sew electrodes into.
100
Broadly speaking, the mission of Neuralink is to reduce human suffering, at least in the near term.
101
You know, there's hope that eventually there's a use here
102
that makes sense for a brain interface to bring AI as a tool embedded in the brain
103
that a human can use to augment their capabilities.
104
I think that's pretty far down the road for us, but definitely on a desired roadmap.
105
In the near term, we really are focused on people with terrible medical problems that have no options right now.
106
So to just give us a bit fuller picture of this, we're talking about a patient who can't move their limbs because they have spinal cord damage.
107
Right.
108
The motor cortex that controls movement is in theory fine.
109
Right.
110
Make a small hole in the skull and through that hole, a robot is going to place electrodes, obviously motor cortex, but then where, how?
111
Is the idea that you're going to play a concert from different locations, you're going to hit all the keys on the piano in different combinations.
112
I still don't understand how the signals are going to get out of motor cortex, past the lesion and out to the limbs because the lesion hasn't been dealt with at all in this scenario.
113
So just to clarify there, I should emphasize we're not, the immediate future talking about reconnecting the brain to the patient's own limbs.
114
That's on the roadmap, but it's way down the roadmap a few years.
115
What we're talking about in the immediate future is having the
116
person be able to control electronic devices around them with their motor intentions alone, right?
117
So prosthetic hand and arm or just mouse and keys on a...
118
Mouse and keys on a keyboard for starters.
119
So you wouldn't see anything in the world move.
120
As they have an intention the patient might imagine say flexing their fist
121
or moving their wrist and what would happen on the screen is the mouse would move down
122
and left and click on an icon and bring up their word processor
123
and then a keyboard at the bottom of the screen would allow them to you know select letters in sequence
124
and they could type so we're using smarter algorithms to decode the motor intentions out of the brain.
125
We have been able to do this in monkeys really well.
126
We have a small army of monkeys playing video games for smoothie rewards, and they do really well.
127
We actually have the world record of bitrate of information coming
128
out of a monkey's brain to intelligently control a cursor on a screen.
129
We're doing that better than anyone else.
130
Would you be willing or are you willing, if allowed, to have these electrodes implanted into your motor cortex?
131
Yeah, absolutely.
132
I would be excited to do that.
133
I think for the first iteration of the device, it wouldn't be very useful because I can still move my limbs.
134
And our first outputs from this are things that I can do just as easily with my hands, right?
135
Moving a mouse, typing in a keyboard.
136
We are necessarily making this device as a medical device for people with bad medical problems and no good options.
137
It wouldn't really make sense for an able -bodied person to get one in the near term.
138
As the technology develops and we make devices specifically designed to perform functions
139
that can't be done even by an able -bodied person,
140
say eventually refine the technique to get to the point where you can type faster with your mind
141
and one of these devices than you can with text to speech or speech to text and your fingers.
142
That's a use case that makes sense for someone like me to get it.
143
It doesn't really make sense for me to get one
144
when it allows me to use a mouse slightly worse than I can with my hand currently.
145
That said, the safety of the device I would absolutely vouch for from, you know, the hundreds of surgeries that I've personally done with this.
146
I think it's much safer than many of the industry standard FDA approved surgeries that I routinely do on patients that,
147
you know, are, no one even thinks twice about their standard of care.
148
Neuralink has already reached, in my mind, a safety threshold that is far beyond a commonly accepted safety threshold.
149
Along the lines of augmenting one's biological function or functions in the world,
150
I think now's the appropriate time to talk about the small lump present in the top of your hand.
151
For those listening, not watching, there's a small lump between Dr. McDougal's
152
forefinger and thumb or index finger and thumb placed on skin on the top of his hand.
153
You've had some years now because we've known each other for gosh probably seven years now
154
or so and you've always had it in the time i've known you what is
155
that lump um and why did you put it in there yeah
156
so it's a small uh writable rfid tag so it's just a very small implantable uh chip that
157
wireless devices can temporarily power if you approach an antenna they can power
158
and send a small amount of data back and forth.
159
Most phones have the capability of reading and writing to this chip.
160
For years, it let me into my house.
161
It unlocked a deadbolt on my front door.
162
For some years, it unlocked the doors at Neuralink and let me through the various locked doors inside the building.
163
What other sorts of things could one put into these RFIDs in theory?
164
And how long can they stay in there before you need to take them out and recharge them or replace them?
165
Well, these are passive.
166
They're coated in biocompatible glass.
167
And as an extra, I'm a rock climber.
168
And so I was worried about that glass shattering during rock climbing.
169
I additionally coated them in another ring of silicone before implanting that.
170
So it's pretty safe.
171
They're passive.
172
There's no battery.
173
There's no active electronics in them.
174
So they could last the rest of my life.
175
I don't think I'd ever have to remove it for any reason.
176
You know, at some point, the technology is always improving so i might remove it
177
and upgrade it already there's you know 10x more storage versions available
178
That could be a drop -in replacement for this if I ever remove it.
179
It has a small niche use case, and it's an interesting proof of concept tiptoeing towards the concept that you mentioned of,
180
you know, you have to be willing to go through the things that you're suggesting to your patients in order to,
181
you know, say with a straight face that you think this is a reasonable thing to do.
182
I'd like to go back to brain augmentation.
183
You've made very clear that one of the first goals for Neuralink is to get quadriplegics walking again.
184
Well, again, just to be very clear, the first step is we aren't reconnecting the patient's own muscle system to their motor cortex.
185
Allowing them, excuse me, agency over the movement of things in the world.
186
Yes.
187
And eventually their body.
188
And you're exactly right.
189
Yeah.
190
Eventually their body.
191
We would love to do that.
192
And we've done a lot of work on developing a system for stimulating the spinal cord itself.
193
And so that gets to the question
194
that you asked a few minutes ago of how do you reconnect the motor cortex to the rest of the body?
195
Well, if you can bypass the damaged area of the spinal cord
196
and have an implant in the spinal cord itself connected to an implant in the brain
197
and have them talking to each other, you can take the perfectly intact motor signals out of the motor cortex and send them to the spinal cord,
198
which most of the wiring should be intact in the spinal cord below the level of, say, the injury caused by a car accident or motorcycle accident or gunshot wound or whatever.
199
And it should be possible to reconnect the brain to the body in that way.
200
So not out of the realm of possibility that,
201
you know, in some small number of years that Neuralink will be able to reconnect somebody's own body to their brain.
202
Along the lines of augmentation, early on in some of the public discussions about Neuralink that I overheard between Elon and various podcast hosts, et cetera.
203
There was this idea thrown out that for instance, that you would have some chips in your brain
204
and I would have some chips in my brain and you
205
and I could just sit here looking at each other or not, nodding or shaking our heads and essentially hear each other's thoughts.
206
Is that possible that we could sit here and just hear each other's thoughts?
207
And also how would we restrict what the other person could hear?
208
Yeah, well, so absolutely.
209
I mean, think about the fact that we could do this right now.
210
If you pulled out your phone and started texting me on my phone, and I looked down and started texting you, we would be communicating without looking at each other or talking.
211
Shifting that function from a phone to an implanted device, it requires no magic advance, no leap forward.
212
It's technology we already know how to do.
213
If we say, put a device in that allows you to control a keyboard and a mouse, which is our stated intention for our first human clinical trial.
214
And so, you know, texting each other with our brains is maybe an uninspiring rendition of this,
215
but it's not very difficult to imagine the implementation of the
216
same device in a more verbally focused area of the brain
217
that allows you to more naturally speak the thoughts that you're thinking
218
and have me have them rendered into speech that I can hear, you know, maybe via a bone conducting implant.
219
So silently hear.
220
The thing that attracts a lot of us to a technology like Neuralink is that the ceiling is incredibly high.
221
There's no obvious reason that you can't interface with millions of neurons as this technology is refined and developed further.
222
So that's the kind of wide band, you know, high bandwidth brain interface that you want to develop if you're talking about a semantic prosthetic,
223
an AI assistant to your cognitive abilities, the more sci -fi things that we think about in the coming decades.
224
So it's an important caveat when you're evaluating these technologies.
225
You really want it to be something that you can expand off into the sci -fi.
226
To what extent can these brain -machine interfaces learn and get better
227
and better and better because it's also listening to the nervous system
228
that it's trying to support right it goes both ways basically
229
what you're doing is taking a very crude software intelligence i would say not exactly a full full -blown ai
230
but some well -designed software that can adapt to changes in firing of the brain
231
and you're coupling it with another form of intelligence a human intelligence and you're
232
allowing the two to learn each other so undoubtedly the human
233
that has a neural link device will get better at using it over time.
234
Undoubtedly, the software that the Neuralink engineers have written will adapt to the firing patterns
235
that the device is able to record and over time focus in on meaningful signals toward movement, right?
236
So if a neuron is high firing rate when you intend to move the mouse cursor up and to the right,
237
it doesn't know that when it starts when you first put this in it's just a random series of signals
238
as far as the chip knows
239
but you start correlating it with what the person what you
240
know the person wants to do as expressed in a series of games
241
so you you assume that you know
242
that the person wants to move the mouse on the screen to the target that's shown
243
because you tell them that's the goal and
244
so you start correlating the activity uh that you record
245
when they're moving toward an up and right target on a screen with
246
that firing pattern and similarly for up and left down
247
and left down and right and
248
so you you develop a model semi -intelligently in the software for what the person is intending to do
249
and let the person run wild with it for a while
250
and they start to get better at using the model presented
251
to them by the by the software as expressed by the mouse moving
252
or not moving properly on the screen right imagine a scenario where you're asking somebody to play piano,
253
but the sound that comes out of each key randomly shifts over time.
254
Very difficult problem, but a human brain is good enough with the aid of software to solve
255
that problem and map well enough to a semi -stable state
256
that they're going to know how to use that mouse even when they, say, turn the device off for the night, come back to it the next day.
257
And some of the signals have shifted.
258
Let's talk about pigs.
259
Sure.
260
Elon and others there at Neuralink have shared some of the progress
261
that they've made in experimental animals that understandably evoke some strong emotions in people.
262
What was the rationale for using pigs?
263
Well, let me say first, Neuralink is almost entirely composed of animal loving people.
264
If there was any possible way to help people the way we want to help people without using animals in our research, we would do it.
265
It's just not known how to do that right now.
266
And so we are completely restricted to making advances to getting a device approval through the FDA by first showing
267
that it's incredibly safe in animals.
268
As is the case for any medical advancement, essentially.
269
You know, I think we would probably be having a very different conversation around animal research if we weren't, you know, we as a species,
270
we as a culture, weren't just casually slaughtering millions of animals to eat them every single day.
271
And so that is a background against which the relatively minuscule number of animals used in research.
272
It becomes almost impossible to understand why someone would point to
273
that ridiculously small number of animals used in research when the vast,
274
vast majority of animals that humans use and end their lives are done for food.
275
In that context, we do animal research because we have to.
276
There's no other way around it.
277
If tomorrow laws were changed and the FDA said, okay, you can do some of this early experimentation in willing human participants,
278
that would be a very interesting option.
279
I think there'd be a lot of people that would step up and say, yes, I'm willing to participate in early stage clinical research.
280
You already volunteered.
281
Yeah.
282
And I wouldn't be alone.
283
On that note, to whatever extent possible, I think Neuralink goes really,
284
really far, much, much farther than anyone I've ever heard of, any organization I've ever heard of,
285
anything I've ever seen to give the animals agency in every aspect of the research.
286
We have just an incredible team of people looking out for the animals
287
and trying to design the experiments such that they're as purely opt -in as humanly possible.
288
No animal is ever compelled to participate in experiments beyond the surgery itself.
289
So if, say, on a given day, our star monkey pager doesn't want to play video games for smoothie, no one forces them to ever.
290
They have free and full access to food this entire time.
291
So they aren't hungry.
292
They aren't thirsty.
293
The only thing that would motivate them is if they want a treat extra to their normal rations.
294
There's never any deprivation.
295
There's never any adverse negative stimuli that pushes them to do anything.
296
It's one of the underappreciated innovations out of Neuralink is how
297
far the animal care team has been able to move in the direction of humane treatment of these guys.
298
Why pigs?
299
Yeah, pigs are, you know, they're actually fairly commonly used in medical device research.
300
More, you know, in the cardiac area, their hearts are, you know, somewhat similar to human hearts.
301
There's a lot of different kind of pigs that we use in different contexts when we're trying to optimize a certain characteristic.
302
So yeah, the pigs are, we don't necessarily need them to be smart
303
or task performers although occasionally we have you know trained them to walk on a treadmill
304
when we're studying how their limbs move for some of our spinal cord research.
305
But we're not recording interesting, say, cognitive data out of their minds.
306
They're really just a biological platform with a skull that's close enough in size
307
and shape to humans to be a valid platform to study the safety of the device.
308
So again, the pigs are really just a safety platform to say the device is safe to implant.
309
It doesn't break down or cause any kind of toxic reaction.
310
The monkeys are where we are really doing our heavy lifting in terms of ensuring
311
that we're getting good signals out of the device, that what we expect to see in humans is validated on the functional level in monkeys first.
312
What is your wish for brain machine interface and brain augmentation?
313
So let's assume that the clinical stuff can be worked out.
314
Or maybe you have a pet clinical condition that you just are just yearning to see resolved, that would be fine too.
315
But in addition to that, you really just expand out.
316
Let's say we can extend your life 200 years, or we're thinking about the kind of world that your children are going to live in and their grandchildren will live in.
317
What do you think is really possible with brain augmentation and brain -machine interface.
318
And here, please feel no bias whatsoever to answer in a way
319
that reveals to us your incredible empathy and consideration of clinical conditions.
320
Because that's how you spend your days is fixing patients and helping their lives be better.
321
So if it lands in that category, great.
322
But for sake of fun and for sake of delight and for sake of really getting us,
323
the audience to understand what's really possible here, please feel no shackles.
324
Yeah.
325
I love the idea down the road.
326
And we're talking, you know, a 10 year, maybe 20 year timeframe of,
327
uh, humans just getting control over some of the horrible ways that their brains go wrong.
328
Right.
329
So I think everybody at this point has either known someone or second order, known someone, a friend of a friend who has been touched by addiction or depression,
330
suicide, obesity, these functions of the brain or malfunctions of the brain are what drives me.
331
These are the things that I want to tackle in my career.
332
In terms of my kid's lifetime,
333
I'm thinking, you know, full human expansion of human cognition into AI,
334
full immersion in the internet of your cognitive abilities.
335
Having no limitation for what you think as bottlenecked by needing to read the Wikipedia article first,
336
to have the data to inform your thoughts.
337
Having communication with anyone that you want to, unrestricted by this, you know, flapping air past meat on your face.
338
It's a, you know, a means of communication that's ridiculously prone to being misunderstood it's
339
also a tiny narrow bottleneck of communication we're you know trying to send messages back
340
and forth through a tiny straw and there's no reason
341
that needs to necessarily be true it's the way things have always been
342
but it isn't the way things are going to be in
343
the future i think there's a million very sci -fi possibilities
344
technologies in terms of banding human minds together to be even more potent as a multi -unit organism,
345
you know, as an opt -in multi -brain.
346
You know, these are things that are so far down the road, I can't even directly see how they would be implemented.
347
But the technology we're working on is a little crack in the door
348
that allows some of this stuff to even be thought about in a realistic way.
349
To that point, I encourage anyone who is excited about things like that, especially mechanical engineers, software engineers,
350
robotics engineers, come to the Neuralink website and look at the jobs we've got.
351
We need the brightest people on the planet working on these, the hardest problems in the world, in my opinion.
352
And so if you want to work on this stuff, come help us.
353
I really want to thank you, first of all, for coming here today
354
and taking time out of your important schedule of seeing patients and doing brain surgery, literally.
355
Happy to do it.
356
Time away from your family
357
and time away from your mission at Neuralink briefly to share with people what you guys are doing.
358
And I really just want to thank you also for being you, which is perhaps sounds like a kind of an odd thing to hear.
359
But I think as made apparent by the device implanted in your hand, you don't just do this for a job.
360
You live and breathe and embody, truly embody this stuff around the nervous system and trying to figure out how to fix it, how to make it better.
361
And you live and breathe it, and I know your deep love for it.
362
So I want to thank you for not just the brains
363
that you put into it and the energy you put into it, but also for the heart that you put into it.
364
Thanks for that, Andrew.
365
I appreciate that.
366
We just want to help people.
367
We want to make things better.
368
Thank you.
Uygulamayı İndir
Akıcı konuşmak için ihtiyacınız olan her şey
AI TelaffuzHer cümleyi puanla
IPA AlıştırmasıHer sesi ustalaştır
Kelime BilgisiKelime bankanızı oluşturun
Kelime OyunuOynarken öğrenin
Aynı Kanal
C11,316
Why Reading (Books) Makes Us Better at Speaking
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C157
Why Women Over 30 Should Consider Freezing Their Eggs
University StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Your Memories & Emotions Impact Immune Status
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B2Dr. Arthur Brooks: The 3 Macronutrients of True Happiness
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
How Foods & Nutrients Control Our Moods | Huberman Lab Essentials
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Food & Supplements for Brain Health & Cognitive Performance | Huberman Lab Essentials
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
The Science & Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Huberman Lab Essentials
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C129
The Cure for Addiction
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C134
Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C117
You Can Learn New Habits Very Fast: Brain Circuits Rewire Faster With Urgency
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
Essentials: Science of Mindsets for Health & Performance | Dr. Alia Crum
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
B21
Tools for Managing Stress & Anxiety | Huberman Lab Essentials
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C11
Essentials: The Biology of Slowing & Reversing Aging | Dr. David Sinclair
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
Essentials: How to Assess & Improve All Aspects of Your Fitness | Dr. Andy Galpin
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
The Science of Making & Breaking Habits | Huberman Lab Essentials
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C18
Build Muscle Size, Increase Strength & Improve Recovery | Huberman Lab Essentials
Daily ConversationWorking Adults
C121
Tools to Improve Your Focus & Concentration | Huberman Lab Essentials
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
Essentials: Micronutrients for Health & Longevity | Dr. Rhonda Patrick
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C120
Tools to Set Your Cortisol Rhythm
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C15
Essentials: Optimal Protocols to Build Strength & Grow Muscles | Dr. Andy Galpin
Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
FOR YOU
Video Öner
C12
203 cümleler
How To Rewire Your Brain | Andrew Huberman Motivation
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
17 cümleler
Robotic Neurovascular Intervention
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C185 cümleler
We Can Now Simulate a Human Brain, Scientists Show
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
131 cümleler
The medicine myth | Denis Noble, Nessa Carey, Guy Brown
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C12
221 cümleler
Masking in ADHD & Autism: The Hidden Cost of Looking “Fine”
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C14
153 cümleler
The Neuroscience of Love and Attachment: Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Dopamine's Role in Bonding
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C112
14 cümleler
Would You Upload Your Mind?
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C110
52 cümleler
Supernatural thinking: Your brain’s anti-anxiety mode | Clay Routledge
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
235 cümleler
Your brain wasn't built to hold this much information | Richard Cytowic
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
719 cümleler
LIVE EVENT Q&A: Dr. Andrew Huberman at the Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C13
125 cümleler
The Surprising Reason Your Past Still Controls You
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “Essentials: Neuralink & Technologies to Enhance Human Brains” videosuna dayanıyor. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 368 cümle ve 5061 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 30:17 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 167 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin %82’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| mouse isim | /maʊs/ | fare, sıçan |
| tumor isim | /tuː.məɹ/ | tümör, ur |
| pig isim | /ˈpɪɡ/ | domuz, hınzır |
| chip isim | /t͡ʃɪp/ | çip |
| keyboard isim | /ˈki.bɔɹd/ | klavye |
| interface isim | /ˈɪn(t)ɚˌfeɪs/ | arayüz |
| limb isim | /lɪm/ | uzuv |
| surgeon isim | /ˈsɝd͡ʒən/ | cerrah |
| monkey isim | /ˈmʌŋki/ | maymun |
| sake isim | /ˈseɪ̯k/ | gaye, kast |
| satisfy fiil | /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/ | tatmin etmek, yetmek |
| lump isim | /lʌmp/ | yumru, topak |
| vast sıfat | /væst/ | dev, engin |
| bone isim | /boʊn/ | kemik |
| horrible sıfat | /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/ | korkunç |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| call back fiil | dönmek | |
| come out fiil | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | çıkmak |
| figure out fiil | açığa çıkarmak | |
| heat up fiil | ısınmak, ısıtmak |
Tekrar etmeye değer cümleler
Videodan, günlük konuşmada yeniden kullanabileceğiniz kısa ve tam cümleler:
- You're taking pictures every second or so.
- We're doing that better than anyone else.
- I'd like to go back to brain augmentation.
- It's technology we already know how to do.
- What is your wish for brain machine interface and brain augmentation?
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have had · hasn't been dealt · have been |
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | were called · are allowed · are required |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | guy who had · thing, which is · mouse, which is |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı we're, you're, they're gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 87 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: breathe /bɹiːð/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/, thumb /ˈθʌm/, thread /ˈθɹɛd/, prosthetic /ˌpɹɑsˈθɛtɪk/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, intentions /ɪnˈtɛnʃənz/, intention /ɪnˈtɛnʃn̩/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: incredibly /ɪŋˈkɹɛdɪbli/, essentially /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/, necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, participate /pɑːˈtɪs.ɪ.peɪt/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: sequence /ˈsiː.kwəns/, wireless /ˈwaɪ(jə)ɹ.ləs/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: spinal /spaɪ.nəl/, breathe /bɹiːð/, placement /ˈpleɪ̯smənt/, threshold /ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/, crude /kɹuːd/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: satisfy /ˈsætɪsfaɪ/, vast /væst/, expand /ɪkˈspænd/, apparent /əˈpæɹənt/, piano /piˈænɪː/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; mouse, tumor, pig gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.