Shadowing Practice: The Map of Physics - Learn English Speaking with Video
Ders oluşturuluyor...
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So physics is a huge subject
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that covers many different topics going from galaxies in the depth of space right down to subatomic particles. And
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if you don't already know physics it's difficult sometimes to see how all of these different subjects are related to each other.
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So this is my attempt to show that in a map.
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So this is the map of physics.
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I hope you enjoy it.
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Physics can be broadly broken down into three main parts, classical physics, quantum physics and relativity.
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We'll start with classical physics and a good person to start with is Isaac Newton.
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His laws of motion describe how everything made of matter moves about, and his law of universal gravitation tied together the motion of
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planets in the sky with the falling of objects on earth into one elegant and general description.
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He also invented calculus, a supremely powerful mathematical tool which has been used over the centuries to derive new physics.
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Calculus is really a part of mathematics, but physics and mathematics are inseparable.
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Maths is the language of physics and you can imagine it like the bedrock that the world of physics is built from.
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Newton also made strides in the field of optics, which is the physics of light and how it travels through different materials.
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It explains refraction seen in prisms and lenses which are used to focus light in telescopes, microscopes and cameras.
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Telescopes enabled us to peer into the depths of space
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and observe the wild array of objects there and develop astrophysics and cosmology.
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Optics is closely related to the theory of waves, which is basically how energy can travel through disturbances of a medium,
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like ripples on the surface of a pond or sound through the air.
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Light doesn't It can travel through the vacuum of space, but it still follows the same principles as all waves,
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namely reflection, refraction and diffraction.
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This leads us to electromagnetism, the description of magnets, electricity, or more generally, electric and magnetic fields.
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It was a physicist called James Clerk Maxwell who discovered
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that these are two aspects of the same thing
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and derived the wonderfully elegant rules of electromagnetism and theorised that light was an electromagnetic wave.
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Electromagnetism also explains all of electricity.
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Jumping back a little bit, classical mechanics is related to Newton's laws and covers the properties and motion of solid objects, how they move when forces hit them,
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and what happens when they are joined together like in gears or in buildings or bridges.
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Fluid mechanics is the description of flows of liquids and gases.
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Using fluid mechanics you can work out how much lift is generated from an aeroplane's wing or how aerodynamic a car is.
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Fluid mechanics is notoriously difficult, mostly because the motions of tiny things like molecules get really complicated really fast,
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which leads us to chaos theory.
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Chaos theory is the description of large complex systems
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and how small differences in initial conditions can lead to very different final outcomes.
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Thermodynamics is the description of energy and how it passes from one form to another.
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It also includes entropy, which is a measure of order
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and disorder and basically tells you how useful different kinds of energy are.
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Energy is a fundamental property to physics
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and although I've written energy here I should have written it everywhere on this map because everything has energy.
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So that's all of classical physics, the picture of the universe we had around the year 1900.
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It told us we lived in a universe where everything ran sort of like clockwork.
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If you could measure everything accurately enough the future was kind of predetermined.
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However not everything was solved.
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There were just a few holes in experiments that hinted at something more.
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The orbit of Mercury was slightly too fast, and some strange things happened on the smallest scales with electrons and light which were all unexplained.
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Physicists at the time thought that they'd solve and explain these problems soon enough, but poking at them they unraveled the new domains of relativity
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and quantum physics and turned our understanding of the universe completely on its head.
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Albert Einstein was the genius who developed the theories of special and general relativity.
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Special relativity predicts that the speed of light is constant for all observers, which means that when you travel really fast,
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weird stuff starts happening, like time slowing down.
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It also states that energy and matter are different aspects of the same thing, through the famous formula E equals mc squared.
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General relativity says that space and time are part of the same fabric called spacetime, and that the force of gravity comes from objects bending spacetime,
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making other objects fall in towards them.
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While relativity describes the very big, other physicists were busy at work on the very small in the world of quantum physics.
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Atomic theory probed the nature of the atom, and more and more detailed descriptions of the atom were developed, from a tiny sphere, to electron orbits,
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to energy levels, and then to the electrons being wave-like charge distributions.
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Condensed matter physics describes the quantum physics of many atoms together in solids and liquids, and is where many great technologies have come from,
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like computers, lasers and quantum information science.
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Nuclear physics describes how the nucleus of atoms behave, and explains radiation, nuclear fission ,
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and nuclear fusion which takes place in the sun and will hopefully soon be harnessed here on Earth.
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Particle physics probes even deeper to find the fundamental subatomic particles
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that everything is made and are described in the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
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And quantum field theory captures all of quantum physics and combines it with the special theory of relativity, and it's the best description of the universe we have.
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Unfortunately, quantum field theory doesn't include gravity, and so physicists don't know how to join together quantum physics and the general theory of relativity,
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leading to the giant chasm of ignorance.
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One day in the future we hope to close this chasm and come up with a theory of all of physics, we call it quantum gravity.
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And there are many attempts to do this, some examples of string theory or loop quantum gravity and there's many more.
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But So quantum gravity isn't the only thing we observe but don't understand.
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There are also the major puzzles of dark energy and dark matter which seem to make up 95% of the universe,
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so all of our physics only really describes 5% of what we know about, and everything else at the moment is a mystery.
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There are many other mysteries out there like the Big Bang, and no doubt there's things beyond that that we don't even know that we don't know.
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Which gets to the lofty cloud which floats over all of physics, philosophy.
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Although many physicists make fun of philosophy, it's the big philosophical questions that motivate a lot of physics, like what is the fundamental nature of reality?
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How come the universe even exists?
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Do we have free will if we're just made of physics?
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Or how do we know that the way that we do physics
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and science actually gets to the fundamental truth of the universe?
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And just why is all of physics like the way it is?
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Well those are rather big questions, ones which we may or may never answer, but there's no reason to give up trying, after all physicists are not quitters.
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And that was the map of physics. So that's the end.
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Thanks for watching the video, I hope you enjoyed it.
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I'm still kind of working on the format of this channel, playing around with a few different things
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and I kind of like this animation style
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so let me know in the comments
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if you enjoy this kind of stuff you want me to do more and
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if there's any specific subjects you want me to cover I'm
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totally open to ideas I've got a whole bunch of videos
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that are coming down the pipe so keep your eyes peeled for those so until next time see ya
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “The Map of Physics” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: physics, quantum, theory, energy, relativity. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 88 cümle ve 1355 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 8:18 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 163 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin yalnızca %78’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| quantum isim | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | kuantum, nicem |
| physicist isim | /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/ | fizikçi |
| atom isim | /ˈætəm/ | atom |
| mechanic isim | /mɪˈkænɪk/ | mekanikçi, makineci |
| electromagnetism isim | /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/ | elektromanyetizma |
| chasm isim | /ˈkæzəm/ | derin yarık, kanyon |
| refraction isim | /ɹəˈfɹækʃən/ | kırılma, kırılım |
| spacetime isim | /ˈspeɪsˌtaɪm/ | uzayzaman |
| subatomic sıfat | /ˌsʌbəˈtɑːmɪk/ | atomaltı |
| derive fiil | /dɪˈɹaɪv/ | sağlamak, türetmek |
| calculus isim | /ˈkæl.kjə.ləs/ | kalkülüs |
| telescope isim | /ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/ | teleskop, ırakgörür |
| particle isim | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | parçacık |
| elegant sıfat | /ˈɛləɡənt/ | zarif, kibar |
| probe isim | /pɹoʊb/ | sonda |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Anlam |
|---|---|
| come down fiil | düşmek |
| slow down fiil | yavaşlamak |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | are related · is built · is related |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | tool which has · optics, which is · lenses which are |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | has been · I've written · have come |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı don't, doesn't, I'm gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 15 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “th” sesleri: thermodynamics /ˌθɜː(ɹ)moʊdaɪˈnæmɪks/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: refraction /ɹəˈfɹækʃən/, diffraction /dɪˈfɹækʃən/, fission /ˈfɪʃən/, gravitation /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪ̯ʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: relativity /ɹɛl.əˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, electromagnetism /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/, subatomic /ˌsʌbəˈtɑːmɪk/, aerodynamic /ˌɛəɹəʊdaɪˈnæmɪk/, astrophysics /ˌæs.tɹoʊˈfɪz.ɪks/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/, clockwork /ˈklɑkwɝk/, quitter /ˈkwɪ.tə/, wonderfully /wʌn.də(ɹ).fli/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/, spacetime /ˈspeɪsˌtaɪm/, probe /pɹoʊb/, clockwork /ˈklɑkwɝk/, gravitation /ˌɡɹævɪˈteɪ̯ʃən/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: atom /ˈætəm/, mechanic /mɪˈkænɪk/, electromagnetism /ɪˌlɛk.tɹəʊˈmæɡ.nəˌtɪzm̩/, chasm /ˈkæzəm/, refraction /ɹəˈfɹækʃən/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; quantum, physicist, atom gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.