跟读练习: The Map of Physics - 通过视频学习英语口语
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So physics is a huge subject
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that covers many different topics going from galaxies in the depth of space right down to subatomic particles. And
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if you don't already know physics it's difficult sometimes to see how all of these different subjects are related to each other.
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So this is my attempt to show that in a map.
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So this is the map of physics.
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I hope you enjoy it.
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Physics can be broadly broken down into three main parts, classical physics, quantum physics and relativity.
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We'll start with classical physics and a good person to start with is Isaac Newton.
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His laws of motion describe how everything made of matter moves about, and his law of universal gravitation tied together the motion of
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planets in the sky with the falling of objects on earth into one elegant and general description.
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He also invented calculus, a supremely powerful mathematical tool which has been used over the centuries to derive new physics.
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Calculus is really a part of mathematics, but physics and mathematics are inseparable.
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Maths is the language of physics and you can imagine it like the bedrock that the world of physics is built from.
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Newton also made strides in the field of optics, which is the physics of light and how it travels through different materials.
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It explains refraction seen in prisms and lenses which are used to focus light in telescopes, microscopes and cameras.
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Telescopes enabled us to peer into the depths of space
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and observe the wild array of objects there and develop astrophysics and cosmology.
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Optics is closely related to the theory of waves, which is basically how energy can travel through disturbances of a medium,
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like ripples on the surface of a pond or sound through the air.
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Light doesn't It can travel through the vacuum of space, but it still follows the same principles as all waves,
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namely reflection, refraction and diffraction.
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This leads us to electromagnetism, the description of magnets, electricity, or more generally, electric and magnetic fields.
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It was a physicist called James Clerk Maxwell who discovered
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that these are two aspects of the same thing
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and derived the wonderfully elegant rules of electromagnetism and theorised that light was an electromagnetic wave.
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Electromagnetism also explains all of electricity.
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Jumping back a little bit, classical mechanics is related to Newton's laws and covers the properties and motion of solid objects, how they move when forces hit them,
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and what happens when they are joined together like in gears or in buildings or bridges.
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Fluid mechanics is the description of flows of liquids and gases.
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Using fluid mechanics you can work out how much lift is generated from an aeroplane's wing or how aerodynamic a car is.
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Fluid mechanics is notoriously difficult, mostly because the motions of tiny things like molecules get really complicated really fast,
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which leads us to chaos theory.
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Chaos theory is the description of large complex systems
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and how small differences in initial conditions can lead to very different final outcomes.
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Thermodynamics is the description of energy and how it passes from one form to another.
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It also includes entropy, which is a measure of order
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and disorder and basically tells you how useful different kinds of energy are.
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Energy is a fundamental property to physics
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and although I've written energy here I should have written it everywhere on this map because everything has energy.
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So that's all of classical physics, the picture of the universe we had around the year 1900.
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It told us we lived in a universe where everything ran sort of like clockwork.
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If you could measure everything accurately enough the future was kind of predetermined.
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However not everything was solved.
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There were just a few holes in experiments that hinted at something more.
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The orbit of Mercury was slightly too fast, and some strange things happened on the smallest scales with electrons and light which were all unexplained.
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Physicists at the time thought that they'd solve and explain these problems soon enough, but poking at them they unraveled the new domains of relativity
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and quantum physics and turned our understanding of the universe completely on its head.
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Albert Einstein was the genius who developed the theories of special and general relativity.
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Special relativity predicts that the speed of light is constant for all observers, which means that when you travel really fast,
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weird stuff starts happening, like time slowing down.
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It also states that energy and matter are different aspects of the same thing, through the famous formula E equals mc squared.
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General relativity says that space and time are part of the same fabric called spacetime, and that the force of gravity comes from objects bending spacetime,
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making other objects fall in towards them.
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While relativity describes the very big, other physicists were busy at work on the very small in the world of quantum physics.
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Atomic theory probed the nature of the atom, and more and more detailed descriptions of the atom were developed, from a tiny sphere, to electron orbits,
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to energy levels, and then to the electrons being wave-like charge distributions.
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Condensed matter physics describes the quantum physics of many atoms together in solids and liquids, and is where many great technologies have come from,
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like computers, lasers and quantum information science.
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Nuclear physics describes how the nucleus of atoms behave, and explains radiation, nuclear fission ,
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and nuclear fusion which takes place in the sun and will hopefully soon be harnessed here on Earth.
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Particle physics probes even deeper to find the fundamental subatomic particles
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that everything is made and are described in the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
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And quantum field theory captures all of quantum physics and combines it with the special theory of relativity, and it's the best description of the universe we have.
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Unfortunately, quantum field theory doesn't include gravity, and so physicists don't know how to join together quantum physics and the general theory of relativity,
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leading to the giant chasm of ignorance.
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One day in the future we hope to close this chasm and come up with a theory of all of physics, we call it quantum gravity.
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And there are many attempts to do this, some examples of string theory or loop quantum gravity and there's many more.
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But So quantum gravity isn't the only thing we observe but don't understand.
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There are also the major puzzles of dark energy and dark matter which seem to make up 95% of the universe,
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so all of our physics only really describes 5% of what we know about, and everything else at the moment is a mystery.
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There are many other mysteries out there like the Big Bang, and no doubt there's things beyond that that we don't even know that we don't know.
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Which gets to the lofty cloud which floats over all of physics, philosophy.
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Although many physicists make fun of philosophy, it's the big philosophical questions that motivate a lot of physics, like what is the fundamental nature of reality?
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How come the universe even exists?
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Do we have free will if we're just made of physics?
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Or how do we know that the way that we do physics
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and science actually gets to the fundamental truth of the universe?
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And just why is all of physics like the way it is?
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Well those are rather big questions, ones which we may or may never answer, but there's no reason to give up trying, after all physicists are not quitters.
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And that was the map of physics. So that's the end.
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Thanks for watching the video, I hope you enjoyed it.
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I'm still kind of working on the format of this channel, playing around with a few different things
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and I kind of like this animation style
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so let me know in the comments
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if you enjoy this kind of stuff you want me to do more and
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if there's any specific subjects you want me to cover I'm
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totally open to ideas I've got a whole bunch of videos
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that are coming down the pipe so keep your eyes peeled for those so until next time see ya
背景与前言
物理学是一个涵盖多个不同主题的广泛学科，从深空中的星系到亚原子粒子。如果你对物理学一无所知，有时很难理解这些不同主题之间的关系。因此，在这部视频中，讲述者通过构建物理学的地图，试图展示其内在的关联性。这一地图的核心包括经典物理学、量子物理学和相对论三个主要部分，为学习者提供了一种便于理解的框架。通过这个视频，观看者不仅能够理解物理学的基本概念，还能够感受到科学与数学之间的深层联系。
日常交流的五个重要短语
- 物理学的地图 - 用于描述物理学各个领域的关系。
- 万有引力法则 - 牛顿提出的物理规律，描述天体运动。
- 光的折射 - 在不同介质中光传播时的行为。
- 时间延缓 - 由于高速运动引起的时间变化现象。
- 量子物理学 - 研究微小粒子及其行为的学科。
逐步影子跟读指南
在学习这段视频时，可以采用以下的英语影子跟读（shadowspeak）方法来提高口语能力：
- 初步理解: 首先观看视频，无需暂停，确保对内容有一个整体的理解。
- 分段学习: 将视频分成几个小段落，并逐段仔细聆听。每段结束后，尝试复述讲者所说的内容。
- 专注发音: 在复述过程中，关注讲者的发音和语调，努力模仿，使得自己的发音更加标准。
- 使用影子动画: 在听这些短语或句子时，尝试在脑海中对其进行影像化，帮助记忆并增强对内容的理解。
- 反复练习: 反复听和说同一段落，直至能流利表达，同时逐渐增加语言的流利度和自然度。
尝试使用影子讲话（shadow speech）的技巧，不仅能提高口语能力，还能加深对物理学知识的理解。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。