跟讀練習: The Map of Physics - 通過影片學習英語口語

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So physics is a huge subject

that covers many different topics going from galaxies in the depth of space right down to subatomic particles. And

if you don't already know physics it's difficult sometimes to see how all of these different subjects are related to each other.

So this is my attempt to show that in a map.

So this is the map of physics.

I hope you enjoy it.

Physics can be broadly broken down into three main parts, classical physics, quantum physics and relativity.

We'll start with classical physics and a good person to start with is Isaac Newton.

His laws of motion describe how everything made of matter moves about, and his law of universal gravitation tied together the motion of

planets in the sky with the falling of objects on earth into one elegant and general description.

He also invented calculus, a supremely powerful mathematical tool which has been used over the centuries to derive new physics.

Calculus is really a part of mathematics, but physics and mathematics are inseparable.

Maths is the language of physics and you can imagine it like the bedrock that the world of physics is built from.

Newton also made strides in the field of optics, which is the physics of light and how it travels through different materials.

It explains refraction seen in prisms and lenses which are used to focus light in telescopes, microscopes and cameras.

Telescopes enabled us to peer into the depths of space

and observe the wild array of objects there and develop astrophysics and cosmology.

Optics is closely related to the theory of waves, which is basically how energy can travel through disturbances of a medium,

like ripples on the surface of a pond or sound through the air.

Light doesn't It can travel through the vacuum of space, but it still follows the same principles as all waves,

namely reflection, refraction and diffraction.

This leads us to electromagnetism, the description of magnets, electricity, or more generally, electric and magnetic fields.

It was a physicist called James Clerk Maxwell who discovered

that these are two aspects of the same thing

and derived the wonderfully elegant rules of electromagnetism and theorised that light was an electromagnetic wave.

Electromagnetism also explains all of electricity.

Jumping back a little bit, classical mechanics is related to Newton's laws and covers the properties and motion of solid objects, how they move when forces hit them,

and what happens when they are joined together like in gears or in buildings or bridges.

Fluid mechanics is the description of flows of liquids and gases.

Using fluid mechanics you can work out how much lift is generated from an aeroplane's wing or how aerodynamic a car is.

Fluid mechanics is notoriously difficult, mostly because the motions of tiny things like molecules get really complicated really fast,

which leads us to chaos theory.

Chaos theory is the description of large complex systems

and how small differences in initial conditions can lead to very different final outcomes.

Thermodynamics is the description of energy and how it passes from one form to another.

It also includes entropy, which is a measure of order

and disorder and basically tells you how useful different kinds of energy are.

Energy is a fundamental property to physics

and although I've written energy here I should have written it everywhere on this map because everything has energy.

So that's all of classical physics, the picture of the universe we had around the year 1900.

It told us we lived in a universe where everything ran sort of like clockwork.

If you could measure everything accurately enough the future was kind of predetermined.

However not everything was solved.

There were just a few holes in experiments that hinted at something more.

The orbit of Mercury was slightly too fast, and some strange things happened on the smallest scales with electrons and light which were all unexplained.

Physicists at the time thought that they'd solve and explain these problems soon enough, but poking at them they unraveled the new domains of relativity

and quantum physics and turned our understanding of the universe completely on its head.

Albert Einstein was the genius who developed the theories of special and general relativity.

Special relativity predicts that the speed of light is constant for all observers, which means that when you travel really fast,

weird stuff starts happening, like time slowing down.

It also states that energy and matter are different aspects of the same thing, through the famous formula E equals mc squared.

General relativity says that space and time are part of the same fabric called spacetime, and that the force of gravity comes from objects bending spacetime,

making other objects fall in towards them.

While relativity describes the very big, other physicists were busy at work on the very small in the world of quantum physics.

Atomic theory probed the nature of the atom, and more and more detailed descriptions of the atom were developed, from a tiny sphere, to electron orbits,

to energy levels, and then to the electrons being wave-like charge distributions.

Condensed matter physics describes the quantum physics of many atoms together in solids and liquids, and is where many great technologies have come from,

like computers, lasers and quantum information science.

Nuclear physics describes how the nucleus of atoms behave, and explains radiation, nuclear fission ,

and nuclear fusion which takes place in the sun and will hopefully soon be harnessed here on Earth.

Particle physics probes even deeper to find the fundamental subatomic particles

that everything is made and are described in the Standard Model of Particle Physics.

And quantum field theory captures all of quantum physics and combines it with the special theory of relativity, and it's the best description of the universe we have.

Unfortunately, quantum field theory doesn't include gravity, and so physicists don't know how to join together quantum physics and the general theory of relativity,

leading to the giant chasm of ignorance.

One day in the future we hope to close this chasm and come up with a theory of all of physics, we call it quantum gravity.

And there are many attempts to do this, some examples of string theory or loop quantum gravity and there's many more.

But So quantum gravity isn't the only thing we observe but don't understand.

There are also the major puzzles of dark energy and dark matter which seem to make up 95% of the universe,

so all of our physics only really describes 5% of what we know about, and everything else at the moment is a mystery.

There are many other mysteries out there like the Big Bang, and no doubt there's things beyond that that we don't even know that we don't know.

Which gets to the lofty cloud which floats over all of physics, philosophy.

Although many physicists make fun of philosophy, it's the big philosophical questions that motivate a lot of physics, like what is the fundamental nature of reality?

How come the universe even exists?

Do we have free will if we're just made of physics?

Or how do we know that the way that we do physics

and science actually gets to the fundamental truth of the universe?

And just why is all of physics like the way it is?

Well those are rather big questions, ones which we may or may never answer, but there's no reason to give up trying, after all physicists are not quitters.

And that was the map of physics. So that's the end.

Thanks for watching the video, I hope you enjoyed it.

I'm still kind of working on the format of this channel, playing around with a few different things

and I kind of like this animation style

so let me know in the comments

if you enjoy this kind of stuff you want me to do more and

if there's any specific subjects you want me to cover I'm

totally open to ideas I've got a whole bunch of videos

that are coming down the pipe so keep your eyes peeled for those so until next time see ya

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背景與前言

物理學是一個涵蓋多個不同主題的廣泛學科，從深空中的星系到亞原子粒子。如果你對物理學一無所知，有時很難理解這些不同主題之間的關係。因此，在這部影片中，講述者通過構建物理學的地圖，試圖展示其內在的關聯性。這一地圖的核心包括經典物理學、量子物理學和相對論三個主要部分，為學習者提供了一種便於理解的框架。通過這個影片，觀看者不僅能夠理解物理學的基本概念，還能夠感受到科學與數學之間的深層聯絡。

日常交流的五個重要短語

物理學的地圖 - 用於描述物理學各個領域的關係。
萬有引力法則 - 牛頓提出的物理規律，描述天體運動。
光的折射 - 在不同介質中光傳播時的行為。
時間延緩 - 由於高速運動引起的時間變化現象。
量子物理學 - 研究微小粒子及其行為的學科。

逐步影子跟讀指南

在學習這段影片時，可以採用以下的英語影子跟讀（shadowspeak）方法來提高口語能力：

初步理解: 首先觀看影片，無需暫停，確保對內容有一個整體的理解。
分段學習: 將影片分成幾個小段落，並逐段仔細聆聽。每段結束後，嘗試複述講者所說的內容。
專注發音: 在複述過程中，關注講者的發音和語調，努力模仿，使得自己的發音更加標準。
使用影子動畫: 在聽這些短語或句子時，嘗試在腦海中對其進行影像化，幫助記憶並增強對內容的理解。
反覆練習: 反覆聽和說同一段落，直至能流利表達，同時逐漸增加語言的流利度和自然度。

嘗試使用影子講話（shadow speech）的技巧，不僅能提高口語能力，還能加深對物理學知識的理解。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	is built · are joined · is generated
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物	tool which has · optics, which is · lenses which are
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has been · I've written · have come

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: The Map of Physics - 通過影片學習英語口語

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背景與前言

日常交流的五個重要短語

逐步影子跟讀指南

影片中的語法

什麼是跟讀法？