跟讀練習: Map of Science (and everything else) - 通過影片學習英語口語

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The grand aim of science is to figure out how it all works, which includes giant questions like: Where did the Universe come from?

What is it really made of?

How does all that stuff work and interact with each other?

And how is it that human intelligence exists and is able to experience the Universe and probe it with our minds?

You know, small stuff like that.

Ever since someone stood underneath a starry sky, looked up and went, ugh?

people have been asking these questions.

We can see forms of science as far back as the ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians, but the theory of science has its roots in philosophy with the greek philosopher Aristotle being the first to think about how to actually go about doing science.

This methodology has been refined over the ages and is now called the philosophy of science.

This core of science is the scientific method which contains principles like logic, rationalism, empiricism, evidence, testable hypotheses, objectivity, and reductionism.

This is the toolkit of science and helps us process the information we get about the universe to work out what is and isn’t true.

Mathematics and computer science are not technically sciences because they don’t study the natural world, but they are very close to science and are incredibly useful tools for scientists to use.

Mathematics is the machinery of physics, and it is kind of a mystery why mathematics describes the universe so well.

Computers are used in all branches of science because to do science you need a brain, and computers are an amazing tool to augment our brains.

The core of science is made of physics, chemistry and biology, which contain a load of surrounding disciplines as well.

I don’t have space to include them all, but I have done in-depth maps of all of these subjects so check those out if you want to find out more.

If you take a step back and look at all of science it is interesting to see how the scientific method changes as you apply it to different subjects.

Physics made huge amounts of progress to understand the Universe through reductionism, breaking things apart into their smallest components and understanding them one by one.

But when you move up the chain towards chemistry and biology, reductionism becomes increasingly difficult to apply because these subjects deal with much more complex systems.

If you want to study a part of biology, the properties of a single thing are strongly defined by its relationships with everything else.

You can no longer study individual pieces in isolation.

Because removing them from their relationships actually changes the thing you want to study.

So there are so many complicated relationships in things like how your genes in your DNA are expressed to make you, or how your neurons and neurochemistry chemistry all combine to create the unique experience you are having now.

These systems emerge out of a massive number of very complicated relationships and so capturing all of that complexity in one model is incredibly hard.

In fact as we get further and further up the chain away from physics, the entire scientific method starts breaking apart.

You can see this in fields like nutrition and psychology where incredibly important historical results are looking increasingly questionable like eating saturated fat leading to high cholesterol, or how it is hard to replicate the results of many famous psychology studies like willpower being a limited resource.

But I think that these mistakes are understandable because trying to come up with a scientific theory that explains, why people do the things that people do is just a very hard thing to do because people are… complicated!

And, in fact there is an argument that the human brain is the most complex system that we know about in the Universe!

And so when you get a load of those to together doing stuff, like in sociology, it just gets, it just gets crazy.

Which brings us to the social sciences which I have arranged vaguely from more sciency to less sciency.

These subjects often contain a mixture of scientific practices and practices from the humanities, like archeology which uses hard science techniques from physics to detect structures under the ground, or carbon date objects, but then the interpretation of what this evidence tells us about the humans that lived at that time becomes a lot more subjective.

Or in fields like economics or political science where people can apply rigorous statistical techniques to their data, but then the interpretation of those has to be done by a human brain who is by nature subjective.

So the proof that the interpretations are not scientific is the fact that they can’t predict the future.

So in economics it seems we can’t predict when a recession is going to happen, or what bitcoin is going to do tomorrow, whereas in physics, if I throw a ball, I can describe the future of that ball incredibly well.

But please note that I’m not saying that subjectivity is necessarily a bad thing.

If you’re studying a subject matter that has these very complex system in them, and you have taken the scientific method to its breaking point, what else are you going to do, subjectivity really is all you have left.

But the trouble comes when it is not recognised or flagged appropriately, people think they are being objective when they are actually being subjective, and that does happen.

But this is foricing people to innovate with the scientific method and come up with new techniques to deal with these systems.

One example from history are randomised controlled trials in the pharmaceutical industry to really tell if a drug is working or not and with the recent replication crisis in the social science, scientists are now trying to come up with new techniques and methodologies to deal with these complicated systems.

And it is a very hard challenge, but that’s how you progress.

But if you want to get at the truth of something in the world, the scientific method is still our best way of doing that.

But now lets carry on our journey and leave the burden of scientific rigour behind us and move into the arts, a place of pure subjectivity.

Is this good art?

Well I like it.

Okay. The one thing they do share with science is exploration, pushing the limits of what has been done or thought before.

They explore the human condition through books, movies, music, art and are always trying to find new ways of reflecting on what it is to be alive, and a human with emotions and a brain with the ability to create.

And I think it is just as well we can’t explain all of those things with science because they would loose all of their charm.

That intangible nature is what makes them so much fun.

Some of the most enduring art has tackled the biggest questions like what is it to be a human?

Why are we here?

And what should we do with our time here?

These are very similar to where we started and brings us right back to the other side of philosophy.

So I got a bit carried away this map isn’t really a map of science, it is a map of human endeavour.

And it isn’t even a map, but a giant cosmic doughnut of knowledge!

Anyway, that’s it.

Thanks for watching, and if you want to get hold of the donut of knowledge, check out the link in the description below to get a poster.

And if you yourself want to learn some science I’d recommend checking out the sponsor to this video brilliant dot org.

It is a website where you learn a lot of the core concepts in this map, like mathematics, computer science, physics and many more.

And you learn them by answering questions so, in general, when you’re learning a subject you might feel like you know it but there is only one way to make sure and that is by actually answering questions to test your knowledge that is using the scientific method on yourself.

So that is what you do on brilliant dot org, you learn by answering questions, but they are fun and engaging they are very satisfying when you get one right and if you get one wrong there is lots of help and descriptions to help you work out why.

So if that sounds interesting check out brilliant.org/dos , link is also in the description below.

And as an added bonus the first two hundred people to sign up can get a twenty percent discount of the annual premium membership, which unlocks all of their content.

So check that out.

And also we’ve just released the next in the professor astro cat books which is the space rockets book.

So if you have got a youngster in your like who you’d like to get into science at a young age they are a really good place to start, link is also in the description below.

Well that’s it for me, thanks so much for watching and I’ll see you on the next video.

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背景與上下文

這段影片的主要內容圍繞科學的核心目標，即探索宇宙的奧秘。講者提到科學的起源以及如何逐步發展出系統的科學方法。科學不僅限於自然界，還與哲學、數學和電腦科學等領域緊密相關。理解這些概念能幫助英語學習者更好地掌握相關詞彙和表達方式，同時也為日常交流提供了豐富的素材。

日常溝通的五個重要短語

Where did the Universe come from?（宇宙從哪裡來？）
How does all that stuff work?（這些東西是如何工作的？）
It’s a very hard thing to do.（這是一件非常困難的事情。）
The scientific method is still our best way.（科學方法依然是我們最好的方法。）
What is it to be a human?（成為人類是什麼樣的體驗？）

逐步跟讀指南

對於想要提高英語口語及發音的學習者來說，利用影片進行跟讀是一種有效的練習方法。可以採用以下步驟來充分利用這段影片：

觀看並理解影片內容：觀看影片的第一遍時，不必過於糾結細節，關注整體思路。
暫停與重複：在講者說出一個句子後，暫停影片，嘗試用你的聲音複述。可以多次嘗試，以提高語音流暢度。
關注發音和重音：注意講者的語調和重音位置，與自己的發音進行比較，記錄需要改進的地方。
逐字跟讀：選擇影片中的一些短句進行逐字跟讀，特別是如“看YouTube學英語”等常用短語，幫助增強實用性。
反覆練習：將影片的片段重複播放，反覆練習以鞏固記憶和提高語言反應能力。

用這種陰影發音（shadow speech）練習法，能夠在放鬆的環境中提高英語發音技能，並幫助學習者更自然地掌握口語。有效利用這個shadowing site將大大提升您的英語口語能力。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	has been refined · have done · have arranged
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	has been refined · is made · are expressed

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Map of Science (and everything else) - 通過影片學習英語口語

選擇練習模式

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逐步跟讀指南

影片中的語法

什麼是跟讀法？