跟读练习: What is time? - 通过视频学习英语口语

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What is time?
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It's a difficult question, and part of the difficulty is that it can mean several different things.
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It could mean, why does it feel like time passes?
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And why does it feel like there is a special moment that we call now, which separates the past from the future?
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A second meaning is, where does time come from?
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And a third, what do we even mean by time?
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I'll start with the third question because it's the easiest, meaning it'll only hurt your brain moderately.
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In physics, we use the word time in two different ways.
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The one refers to the role of time in Einstein's theories.
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Einstein taught us that time is a coordinate, like space.
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This means that time becomes a label to order events.
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This time coordinate isn't uniquely fixed.
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You can change it just like you can change coordinates in space where you can use, say, Euclidean or spherical coordinates.
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You can make different choices for the time coordinate too.
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This doesn't actually change time.
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It's just a different way to describe the same thing.
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This coordinate time in Einstein's theory is a way to describe what happens in our universe.
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It isn't in any way directly related to our perception of time.
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The second way we use the word time is in a constructive sense.
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Time is what a clock measures.
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But this brings up the question, what is a clock?
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Clocks are made of matter, and from this matter, we identify some quantity that tells us how time passes.
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For example, because the motion of the system recurs periodically, like, say, the swing of a pendulum, the beat of a heart,
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or Kevin checking his phone.
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In Einstein's theory, this matter time should correspond to the length of a particle's path in space -time.
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It's also called the prop time.
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In quantum physics, actually, we don't really know what time is.
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Physicists have made attempts to define clocks in quantum physics to define time from that,
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but I think it's fair to say that there is no general agreement on how to do it.
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Let's then talk about the second question.
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Where does time come from?
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Maybe it just doesn't come from anything.
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Maybe time just is.
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It's one of the fundamental ingredients of the universe.
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But another possibility is that time arises from something else.
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We then say that time is emergent.
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This is why you sometimes hear physicists say time is an illusion because it might come from something else.
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But what's this something else?
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One quite well -trodden path is that time is a consequence of causality.
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Because for causality to make sense, you need an order in how things happen.
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This causality -first approach has been pursued in a variety of ways in Raphael Sorkin's causal sets,
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but also in Stephen Wolfram's hypergraphs and Felix Finster's causal fermion systems.
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A completely different take comes from Julian Barber, who says that really fundamentally there's no such thing as time.
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What's real is merely that the relations of particles to each other can differ, and time is the way that we order them so that it makes sense.
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I don't really understand this, so please don't ask.
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Somewhat more digestible is the idea that the universe was once a four -dimensional space, and at some boundary in that space, one of the dimensions turn to time.
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This is what happens, for example, in the Hawking -Hartell No Boundary Proposal.
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So it's quite possible that time ultimately comes from something else.
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We just haven't really figured out how.
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Let's then come to the most difficult of the questions.
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Why do we have the feeling that time passes?
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And why do we have the feeling that there is a special moment that we call now?
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Part of this question asks about what's going on in the human brain.
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How does the brain keep track of time?
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Well, I'm a physicist and I don't have the slightest idea how the human brain works.
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But basically, the issue is that we can remember the past, but not the future.
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Einstein was bothered by this greatly and called it the problem of now.
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In our maths, we don't have a now.
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Do we need one?
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On the one hand, one could argue that physics isn't meant to describe human's subjective experience, so who really cares?
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On the other hand, if you believe that fundamentally everything, including the human brain, is made of particles,
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then this Now experience must come from something.
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There are only two ways to resolve this conundrum.
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Either our perception of being in a particular moment doesn't correspond to anything in the fundamental structure of the universe.
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Every moment is special when it happens, but all moments are the same in this, so none is special.
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The other way to resolve the problem is to postulate a physical notion of now.
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There is really only one example I know for this, which comes from George Ellis.
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He says that what creates the present moment is the collapse of the wave function.
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Personally, I lean towards the causality first interpretation and think that now doesn't have a fundamental meaning.
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But maybe more importantly, this is a pretty big question
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which most physicists don't take very seriously and I find this rather unfortunate.
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I believe that causality is the key to understanding how nature fundamentally works.
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I spend so much time thinking about time that I should be getting an interest rate.
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And if it's really an illusion, then it's certainly doing an amazing disappearing act.
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Come to think of it, though, the first key to understanding nature is clearly mathematics.
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And while watching YouTube videos is a great entry point, if you want to really understand something,
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you need to actively engage with the subject.
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This is why I recommend you check out the science and maths courses on Brilliant.
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All courses on Brilliant have interactive visualizations and come with follow -up questions.
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What you see here is from their newly updated maths courses.
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No matter how abstract the topic seems, Brilliant's courses have intuitive visualizations that really click into my brain.
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I found it to be a highly effective way to build up knowledge.
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And Brilliant covers a large variety of topics in science, computer science, and maths, from general scientific thinking to dedicated courses,
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just what I'm interested in.
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And of course, I have a special offer for viewers of this channel.
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If you use my link brilliant .org slash Sabine or scan the QR code, you'll get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.
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So go and check this out.
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Thanks for watching.
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See you tomorrow.
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本课的词汇与口语要点

这段视频共有 89 个句子、1115 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 7:16。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 153 个词，接近日常对话。 82% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个不太常见的单词，附发音和释义：

  • mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ (名词) — 數學 /数学, 算學 /算学. An abstract representational system studying numbers, shapes, structures, quantitative change and relationships between them.
  • physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ (名词) — 物理學 /物理学. The branch of science concerned with the study of the properties and interactions of space, time, matter and energy.
  • fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ (形容词) — 基本. Related to a foundation, base, or basis; serving as a foundation.
  • fundamentally (副词) — 根本地, 从根本上. In a fundamental or basic sense; reaching the very core of the matter.
  • topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (名词) — 主題 /主题, 話題 /话题. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
  • define /dɪˈfaɪn/ (动词) — 界定. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly.
  • perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ (名词) — 知覺 /知觉, 感知. The organisation, identification and interpretation of sensory information.
  • resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/ (动词) — 解決 /解决. To find a solution to (a problem).
  • boundary /ˈbaʊndɹi/ (名词) — 邊界 /边界. The dividing line or location between two areas.
  • quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/ (名词) — 量. The total amount of something; quantity.
  • illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ (名词) — 幻想, 幻覺 /幻觉. A distortion of sensory perception where real stimuli lead to a false or misleading impression of reality.
  • particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (名词) — 粒子. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
  • correspond /ˌkoɹəˈspɑnd/ (动词) — 對應 /对应. To be equivalent or similar in character, quantity, quality, origin, structure, function etc.
  • argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (动词) — 辯論 /辩论, 爭辯 /争辩. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.
  • refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/ (动词) — 談到 /谈到. To direct the attention of (someone toward something).

视频中出现的短语动词

  • come from (动词) — 來自 /来自. To have as one's origin, birthplace or nationality.
  • bring up (动词) — 撫養 /抚养, 養大 /养大. To mention.
  • check out (动词) — 退房. To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.).
  • figure out (动词) — 弄清楚. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
  • follow up (动词) — 跟進 /跟进. To take further actions remaining after an event; to continue, revisit, or persist; especially, to maintain communication or verify.

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 19 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, doesn't, isn't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

  • “th” 音: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, bother /ˈbɑðɚ/
  • “sh” 和 “zh” 音: perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/
  • 长单词——注意重音位置: coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/

如何用这段视频练习

  1. 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
  2. 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
  3. 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 mathematics, physics, fundamental 这类单词。

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的are made · has been pursued · was bothered
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事have made · has been pursued · haven't really figured

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →