Shadowing Practice: What is time? - Learn English Speaking with Video

Creando lección...
1
What is time?
2
It's a difficult question, and part of the difficulty is that it can mean several different things.
3
It could mean, why does it feel like time passes?
4
And why does it feel like there is a special moment that we call now, which separates the past from the future?
5
A second meaning is, where does time come from?
6
And a third, what do we even mean by time?
7
I'll start with the third question because it's the easiest, meaning it'll only hurt your brain moderately.
8
In physics, we use the word time in two different ways.
9
The one refers to the role of time in Einstein's theories.
10
Einstein taught us that time is a coordinate, like space.
11
This means that time becomes a label to order events.
12
This time coordinate isn't uniquely fixed.
13
You can change it just like you can change coordinates in space where you can use, say, Euclidean or spherical coordinates.
14
You can make different choices for the time coordinate too.
15
This doesn't actually change time.
16
It's just a different way to describe the same thing.
17
This coordinate time in Einstein's theory is a way to describe what happens in our universe.
18
It isn't in any way directly related to our perception of time.
19
The second way we use the word time is in a constructive sense.
20
Time is what a clock measures.
21
But this brings up the question, what is a clock?
22
Clocks are made of matter, and from this matter, we identify some quantity that tells us how time passes.
23
For example, because the motion of the system recurs periodically, like, say, the swing of a pendulum, the beat of a heart,
24
or Kevin checking his phone.
25
In Einstein's theory, this matter time should correspond to the length of a particle's path in space -time.
26
It's also called the prop time.
27
In quantum physics, actually, we don't really know what time is.
28
Physicists have made attempts to define clocks in quantum physics to define time from that,
29
but I think it's fair to say that there is no general agreement on how to do it.
30
Let's then talk about the second question.
31
Where does time come from?
32
Maybe it just doesn't come from anything.
33
Maybe time just is.
34
It's one of the fundamental ingredients of the universe.
35
But another possibility is that time arises from something else.
36
We then say that time is emergent.
37
This is why you sometimes hear physicists say time is an illusion because it might come from something else.
38
But what's this something else?
39
One quite well -trodden path is that time is a consequence of causality.
40
Because for causality to make sense, you need an order in how things happen.
41
This causality -first approach has been pursued in a variety of ways in Raphael Sorkin's causal sets,
42
but also in Stephen Wolfram's hypergraphs and Felix Finster's causal fermion systems.
43
A completely different take comes from Julian Barber, who says that really fundamentally there's no such thing as time.
44
What's real is merely that the relations of particles to each other can differ, and time is the way that we order them so that it makes sense.
45
I don't really understand this, so please don't ask.
46
Somewhat more digestible is the idea that the universe was once a four -dimensional space, and at some boundary in that space, one of the dimensions turn to time.
47
This is what happens, for example, in the Hawking -Hartell No Boundary Proposal.
48
So it's quite possible that time ultimately comes from something else.
49
We just haven't really figured out how.
50
Let's then come to the most difficult of the questions.
51
Why do we have the feeling that time passes?
52
And why do we have the feeling that there is a special moment that we call now?
53
Part of this question asks about what's going on in the human brain.
54
How does the brain keep track of time?
55
Well, I'm a physicist and I don't have the slightest idea how the human brain works.
56
But basically, the issue is that we can remember the past, but not the future.
57
Einstein was bothered by this greatly and called it the problem of now.
58
In our maths, we don't have a now.
59
Do we need one?
60
On the one hand, one could argue that physics isn't meant to describe human's subjective experience, so who really cares?
61
On the other hand, if you believe that fundamentally everything, including the human brain, is made of particles,
62
then this Now experience must come from something.
63
There are only two ways to resolve this conundrum.
64
Either our perception of being in a particular moment doesn't correspond to anything in the fundamental structure of the universe.
65
Every moment is special when it happens, but all moments are the same in this, so none is special.
66
The other way to resolve the problem is to postulate a physical notion of now.
67
There is really only one example I know for this, which comes from George Ellis.
68
He says that what creates the present moment is the collapse of the wave function.
69
Personally, I lean towards the causality first interpretation and think that now doesn't have a fundamental meaning.
70
But maybe more importantly, this is a pretty big question
71
which most physicists don't take very seriously and I find this rather unfortunate.
72
I believe that causality is the key to understanding how nature fundamentally works.
73
I spend so much time thinking about time that I should be getting an interest rate.
74
And if it's really an illusion, then it's certainly doing an amazing disappearing act.
75
Come to think of it, though, the first key to understanding nature is clearly mathematics.
76
And while watching YouTube videos is a great entry point, if you want to really understand something,
77
you need to actively engage with the subject.
78
This is why I recommend you check out the science and maths courses on Brilliant.
79
All courses on Brilliant have interactive visualizations and come with follow -up questions.
80
What you see here is from their newly updated maths courses.
81
No matter how abstract the topic seems, Brilliant's courses have intuitive visualizations that really click into my brain.
82
I found it to be a highly effective way to build up knowledge.
83
And Brilliant covers a large variety of topics in science, computer science, and maths, from general scientific thinking to dedicated courses,
84
just what I'm interested in.
85
And of course, I have a special offer for viewers of this channel.
86
If you use my link brilliant .org slash Sabine or scan the QR code, you'll get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.
87
So go and check this out.
88
Thanks for watching.
89
See you tomorrow.
📺 Mismo canal
Superfluid Dark MatterC1
6

Superfluid Dark Matter

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
The End of Human Mathematics? AI's Recent Breakthrough -- And What's NextC1

The End of Human Mathematics? AI's Recent Breakthrough -- And What's Next

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
Make AI Believe in God to Keep Humans Safe, Scientist ArguesC1
4

Make AI Believe in God to Keep Humans Safe, Scientist Argues

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
We Can Now Simulate a Human Brain, Scientists ShowC1

We Can Now Simulate a Human Brain, Scientists Show

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
FINALLY: A Proof that Particles Take All Paths At Once?C1
3

FINALLY: A Proof that Particles Take All Paths At Once?

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Mathematician Collapses All Functions to One Weird FormulaC1

Mathematician Collapses All Functions to One Weird Formula

Business EnglishUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
The Uncertainty Principle: What Does It Mean, How Does It Work?C1

The Uncertainty Principle: What Does It Mean, How Does It Work?

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
AI Will End Philosophy, Physicist ClaimsC1
3

AI Will End Philosophy, Physicist Claims

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Does God exist? Science does not have an answer.C1
9

Does God exist? Science does not have an answer.

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Our Solar System Lost Two Planets!C1

Our Solar System Lost Two Planets!

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
I was SO wrong about quantum computing.C1

I was SO wrong about quantum computing.

IELTS PrepBusiness EnglishUniversity Students
✨ Recomendar Video
We Know More About Time Than You ThinkC1
9
197 oraciones

We Know More About Time Than You Think

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
What science can’t answer, according to physicist Jim Al-Khalili | Big ThinkC1
50
66 oraciones

What science can’t answer, according to physicist Jim Al-Khalili | Big Think

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
ATOMS ENGLISHC1
1
27 oraciones

ATOMS ENGLISH

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
TEST 30 PART 3 - LUYỆN TẬP VÀ THỰC HÀNH LISTENING - TỰ HỌC VSTEPC1
8
138 oraciones

TEST 30 PART 3 - LUYỆN TẬP VÀ THỰC HÀNH LISTENING - TỰ HỌC VSTEP

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Lucy: Time is Unity (HD CLIP)C1
3
32 oraciones

Lucy: Time is Unity (HD CLIP)

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
There's a Giant Hole In Earth's HistoryC1
1
114 oraciones

There's a Giant Hole In Earth's History

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
What Is The Universe?C1
2
28 oraciones

What Is The Universe?

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big ThinkC1
2
41 oraciones

How Einstein changed time forever | Jim Al-Khalili for Big Think

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
The Professor Who Taught People How To Think (1962)C1
552 oraciones

The Professor Who Taught People How To Think (1962)

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Hegel: Philosophy of world history and spiritC1
133 oraciones

Hegel: Philosophy of world history and spirit

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepCambridge Exam Prep
Two Astrophysicists Debate Free WillC1
1
251 oraciones

Two Astrophysicists Debate Free Will

IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students

Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Este vídeo tiene 89 frases y 1115 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 7:16. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 153 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 82 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras menos comunes del vídeo, con su pronunciación y significado:

  • coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/ (verbo) — coordinar. To place in the same order or rank.
  • mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ (sustantivo) — matemáticas, matemática. An abstract representational system studying numbers, shapes, structures, quantitative change and relationships between them.
  • clock /klɑk/ (sustantivo) — cuentakilómetros. A chronometer, an instrument that measures time, particularly the time of day.
  • physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ (sustantivo) — física. The branch of science concerned with the study of the properties and interactions of space, time, matter and energy.
  • fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ (adjetivo) — fundamental, cimental. Related to a foundation, base, or basis; serving as a foundation.
  • fundamentally (adverbio) — fundamentalmente. In a fundamental or basic sense; reaching the very core of the matter.
  • topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (sustantivo) — tema, tópico. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
  • define /dɪˈfaɪn/ (verbo) — determinar, definir. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly.
  • perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ (sustantivo) — percepción. The organisation, identification and interpretation of sensory information.
  • resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/ (verbo) — resolver, solventar. To find a solution to (a problem).
  • boundary /ˈbaʊndɹi/ (sustantivo) — linde, lindero. The dividing line or location between two areas.
  • quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/ (sustantivo) — cantidad, quantum. The total amount of something; quantity.
  • particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (sustantivo) — partícula. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
  • correspond /ˌkoɹəˈspɑnd/ (verbo) — corresponder, equivaler. To be equivalent or similar in character, quantity, quality, origin, structure, function etc.
  • argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (verbo) — argüir, argumentar. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

  • come from (verbo) — ser de. To have as one's origin, birthplace or nationality.
  • bring up (verbo) — levantar, alzar. To mention.
  • check out (verbo) — investigar, chequear. To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.).
  • figure out (verbo) — averiguar, captar. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
  • follow up (verbo) — dar seguimiento, dar un seguimiento. To take further actions remaining after an event; to continue, revisit, or persist; especially, to maintain communication or verify.
  • get off (verbo) — bajarse. To move from being on top of (something) to not being on top of it.
  • talk about (verbo) — hablar de, hablar sobre. Used to draw attention to the speaker's characterization of someone or something.
  • think about /ˈθɪŋk əˌbaʊt/ (verbo) — pensar en, ocurrírsele. To ponder.

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 19 contracciones y formas reducidas, como don't, doesn't, isn't. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

  • Los sonidos de “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, bother /ˈbɑðɚ/
  • Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/
  • Palabras largas — cuida el acento: coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

  1. Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
  2. Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
  3. Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como coordinate, mathematics, clock.

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

EstructuraEn el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo haceare made · has been pursued · was bothered
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahorahave made · has been pursued · haven't really figured

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →