Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: What is time?

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What is time?
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It's a difficult question, and part of the difficulty is that it can mean several different things.
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It could mean, why does it feel like time passes?
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And why does it feel like there is a special moment that we call now, which separates the past from the future?
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A second meaning is, where does time come from?
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And a third, what do we even mean by time?
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I'll start with the third question because it's the easiest, meaning it'll only hurt your brain moderately.
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In physics, we use the word time in two different ways.
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The one refers to the role of time in Einstein's theories.
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Einstein taught us that time is a coordinate, like space.
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This means that time becomes a label to order events.
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This time coordinate isn't uniquely fixed.
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You can change it just like you can change coordinates in space where you can use, say, Euclidean or spherical coordinates.
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You can make different choices for the time coordinate too.
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This doesn't actually change time.
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It's just a different way to describe the same thing.
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This coordinate time in Einstein's theory is a way to describe what happens in our universe.
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It isn't in any way directly related to our perception of time.
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The second way we use the word time is in a constructive sense.
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Time is what a clock measures.
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But this brings up the question, what is a clock?
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Clocks are made of matter, and from this matter, we identify some quantity that tells us how time passes.
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For example, because the motion of the system recurs periodically, like, say, the swing of a pendulum, the beat of a heart,
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or Kevin checking his phone.
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In Einstein's theory, this matter time should correspond to the length of a particle's path in space -time.
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It's also called the prop time.
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In quantum physics, actually, we don't really know what time is.
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Physicists have made attempts to define clocks in quantum physics to define time from that,
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but I think it's fair to say that there is no general agreement on how to do it.
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Let's then talk about the second question.
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Where does time come from?
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Maybe it just doesn't come from anything.
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Maybe time just is.
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It's one of the fundamental ingredients of the universe.
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But another possibility is that time arises from something else.
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We then say that time is emergent.
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This is why you sometimes hear physicists say time is an illusion because it might come from something else.
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But what's this something else?
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One quite well -trodden path is that time is a consequence of causality.
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Because for causality to make sense, you need an order in how things happen.
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This causality -first approach has been pursued in a variety of ways in Raphael Sorkin's causal sets,
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but also in Stephen Wolfram's hypergraphs and Felix Finster's causal fermion systems.
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A completely different take comes from Julian Barber, who says that really fundamentally there's no such thing as time.
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What's real is merely that the relations of particles to each other can differ, and time is the way that we order them so that it makes sense.
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I don't really understand this, so please don't ask.
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Somewhat more digestible is the idea that the universe was once a four -dimensional space, and at some boundary in that space, one of the dimensions turn to time.
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This is what happens, for example, in the Hawking -Hartell No Boundary Proposal.
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So it's quite possible that time ultimately comes from something else.
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We just haven't really figured out how.
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Let's then come to the most difficult of the questions.
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Why do we have the feeling that time passes?
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And why do we have the feeling that there is a special moment that we call now?
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Part of this question asks about what's going on in the human brain.
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How does the brain keep track of time?
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Well, I'm a physicist and I don't have the slightest idea how the human brain works.
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But basically, the issue is that we can remember the past, but not the future.
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Einstein was bothered by this greatly and called it the problem of now.
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In our maths, we don't have a now.
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Do we need one?
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On the one hand, one could argue that physics isn't meant to describe human's subjective experience, so who really cares?
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On the other hand, if you believe that fundamentally everything, including the human brain, is made of particles,
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then this Now experience must come from something.
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There are only two ways to resolve this conundrum.
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Either our perception of being in a particular moment doesn't correspond to anything in the fundamental structure of the universe.
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Every moment is special when it happens, but all moments are the same in this, so none is special.
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The other way to resolve the problem is to postulate a physical notion of now.
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There is really only one example I know for this, which comes from George Ellis.
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He says that what creates the present moment is the collapse of the wave function.
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Personally, I lean towards the causality first interpretation and think that now doesn't have a fundamental meaning.
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But maybe more importantly, this is a pretty big question
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which most physicists don't take very seriously and I find this rather unfortunate.
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I believe that causality is the key to understanding how nature fundamentally works.
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I spend so much time thinking about time that I should be getting an interest rate.
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And if it's really an illusion, then it's certainly doing an amazing disappearing act.
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Come to think of it, though, the first key to understanding nature is clearly mathematics.
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And while watching YouTube videos is a great entry point, if you want to really understand something,
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you need to actively engage with the subject.
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This is why I recommend you check out the science and maths courses on Brilliant.
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All courses on Brilliant have interactive visualizations and come with follow -up questions.
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What you see here is from their newly updated maths courses.
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No matter how abstract the topic seems, Brilliant's courses have intuitive visualizations that really click into my brain.
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I found it to be a highly effective way to build up knowledge.
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And Brilliant covers a large variety of topics in science, computer science, and maths, from general scientific thinking to dedicated courses,
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just what I'm interested in.
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And of course, I have a special offer for viewers of this channel.
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If you use my link brilliant .org slash Sabine or scan the QR code, you'll get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.
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So go and check this out.
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Thanks for watching.
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See you tomorrow.

Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Video này có 89 câu và 1115 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 7:16. Người nói nói với tốc độ tự nhiên, khoảng 153 từ mỗi phút, gần với hội thoại hằng ngày. 82% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất; phần còn lại nên xem trước khi luyện.

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

15 từ ít gặp trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:

  • coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/ (động từ) — điều phối, hợp tác. To place in the same order or rank.
  • mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ (danh từ) — toán học. An abstract representational system studying numbers, shapes, structures, quantitative change and relationships between them.
  • physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ (danh từ) — vật lý học. The branch of science concerned with the study of the properties and interactions of space, time, matter and energy.
  • topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (danh từ) — chủ đề. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
  • perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ (danh từ) — tri giác. The organisation, identification and interpretation of sensory information.
  • quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/ (danh từ) — số lượng, lượng. The total amount of something; quantity.
  • particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (danh từ) — hạt. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
  • argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (động từ) — tranh luận. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.
  • label /ˈleɪ.bəl/ (danh từ) — nhãn. A small ticket or sign giving information about something to which it is attached or intended to be attached.
  • bother /ˈbɑðɚ/ (động từ) — quấy rầy. To annoy, to disturb, to irritate; to be troublesome to, to make trouble for.
  • merely /ˈmɪəli/ (trạng từ) — chỉ, đơn thuần. Without any other reason etc.; only, just, and nothing more.
  • swing /ˈswɪŋ/ (động từ) — đu, đung đưa. To rotate about an off-centre fixed point.
  • collapse /kəˈlæps/ (động từ) — đổ, sập. To break apart and fall down suddenly; to cave in.
  • notion /ˈnoʊʃən/ (danh từ) — khái niệm. Mental apprehension of whatever may be known, thought, or imagined; idea, concept.
  • unfortunate /ʌnˈfɔː.t͡ʃə.nɪt/ (tính từ) — đáng tiếc. Not favored by fortune.

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

  • come from (động từ) — đến từ, quê ở. To have as one's origin, birthplace or nationality.
  • bring up (động từ) — nuôi nấng, nuôi. To mention.
  • check out (động từ) — tính tiền, trả phòng. To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.).

Phát âm cần chú ý

Người nói dùng 19 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ don't, doesn't, isn't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.

  • Âm “th”: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, bother /ˈbɑðɚ/
  • Âm “sh” và “zh”: perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/
  • Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/

Cách luyện với video này

  1. Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
  2. Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
  3. Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như coordinate, mathematics, physics.

Ngữ pháp trong video

Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:

Cấu trúcTrong video
Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làmare made · has been pursued · was bothered
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tạihave made · has been pursued · haven't really figured

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →