跟讀練習: What is time? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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What is time?

It's a difficult question, and part of the difficulty is that it can mean several different things.

It could mean, why does it feel like time passes?

And why does it feel like there is a special moment that we call now, which separates the past from the future?

A second meaning is, where does time come from?

And a third, what do we even mean by time?

I'll start with the third question because it's the easiest, meaning it'll only hurt your brain moderately.

In physics, we use the word time in two different ways.

The one refers to the role of time in Einstein's theories.

Einstein taught us that time is a coordinate, like space.

This means that time becomes a label to order events.

This time coordinate isn't uniquely fixed.

You can change it just like you can change coordinates in space where you can use, say, Euclidean or spherical coordinates.

You can make different choices for the time coordinate too.

This doesn't actually change time.

It's just a different way to describe the same thing.

This coordinate time in Einstein's theory is a way to describe what happens in our universe.

It isn't in any way directly related to our perception of time.

The second way we use the word time is in a constructive sense.

Time is what a clock measures.

But this brings up the question, what is a clock?

Clocks are made of matter, and from this matter, we identify some quantity that tells us how time passes.

For example, because the motion of the system recurs periodically, like, say, the swing of a pendulum, the beat of a heart,

or Kevin checking his phone.

In Einstein's theory, this matter time should correspond to the length of a particle's path in space -time.

It's also called the prop time.

In quantum physics, actually, we don't really know what time is.

Physicists have made attempts to define clocks in quantum physics to define time from that,

but I think it's fair to say that there is no general agreement on how to do it.

Let's then talk about the second question.

Where does time come from?

Maybe it just doesn't come from anything.

Maybe time just is.

It's one of the fundamental ingredients of the universe.

But another possibility is that time arises from something else.

We then say that time is emergent.

This is why you sometimes hear physicists say time is an illusion because it might come from something else.

But what's this something else?

One quite well -trodden path is that time is a consequence of causality.

Because for causality to make sense, you need an order in how things happen.

This causality -first approach has been pursued in a variety of ways in Raphael Sorkin's causal sets,

but also in Stephen Wolfram's hypergraphs and Felix Finster's causal fermion systems.

A completely different take comes from Julian Barber, who says that really fundamentally there's no such thing as time.

What's real is merely that the relations of particles to each other can differ, and time is the way that we order them so that it makes sense.

I don't really understand this, so please don't ask.

Somewhat more digestible is the idea that the universe was once a four -dimensional space, and at some boundary in that space, one of the dimensions turn to time.

This is what happens, for example, in the Hawking -Hartell No Boundary Proposal.

So it's quite possible that time ultimately comes from something else.

We just haven't really figured out how.

Let's then come to the most difficult of the questions.

Why do we have the feeling that time passes?

And why do we have the feeling that there is a special moment that we call now?

Part of this question asks about what's going on in the human brain.

How does the brain keep track of time?

Well, I'm a physicist and I don't have the slightest idea how the human brain works.

But basically, the issue is that we can remember the past, but not the future.

Einstein was bothered by this greatly and called it the problem of now.

In our maths, we don't have a now.

Do we need one?

On the one hand, one could argue that physics isn't meant to describe human's subjective experience, so who really cares?

On the other hand, if you believe that fundamentally everything, including the human brain, is made of particles,

then this Now experience must come from something.

There are only two ways to resolve this conundrum.

Either our perception of being in a particular moment doesn't correspond to anything in the fundamental structure of the universe.

Every moment is special when it happens, but all moments are the same in this, so none is special.

The other way to resolve the problem is to postulate a physical notion of now.

There is really only one example I know for this, which comes from George Ellis.

He says that what creates the present moment is the collapse of the wave function.

Personally, I lean towards the causality first interpretation and think that now doesn't have a fundamental meaning.

But maybe more importantly, this is a pretty big question

which most physicists don't take very seriously and I find this rather unfortunate.

I believe that causality is the key to understanding how nature fundamentally works.

I spend so much time thinking about time that I should be getting an interest rate.

And if it's really an illusion, then it's certainly doing an amazing disappearing act.

Come to think of it, though, the first key to understanding nature is clearly mathematics.

And while watching YouTube videos is a great entry point, if you want to really understand something,

you need to actively engage with the subject.

This is why I recommend you check out the science and maths courses on Brilliant.

All courses on Brilliant have interactive visualizations and come with follow -up questions.

What you see here is from their newly updated maths courses.

No matter how abstract the topic seems, Brilliant's courses have intuitive visualizations that really click into my brain.

I found it to be a highly effective way to build up knowledge.

And Brilliant covers a large variety of topics in science, computer science, and maths, from general scientific thinking to dedicated courses,

just what I'm interested in.

And of course, I have a special offer for viewers of this channel.

If you use my link brilliant .org slash Sabine or scan the QR code, you'll get 20 % off the annual premium subscription.

So go and check this out.

Thanks for watching.

See you tomorrow.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這段影片共有 89 個句子、1115 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 7:16。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 153 個詞，接近日常對話。 82% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個不太常見的單詞，附發音和釋義：

mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ (名詞) — 數學 /數學, 算學 /算學. An abstract representational system studying numbers, shapes, structures, quantitative change and relationships between them.
physics /ˈfɪz.ɪks/ (名詞) — 物理學 /物理學. The branch of science concerned with the study of the properties and interactions of space, time, matter and energy.
fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/ (形容詞) — 基本. Related to a foundation, base, or basis; serving as a foundation.
fundamentally (副詞) — 根本地, 從根本上. In a fundamental or basic sense; reaching the very core of the matter.
topic /ˈtɑpɪk/ (名詞) — 主題 /主題, 話題 /話題. A subject; a theme; a category or general area of interest.
define /dɪˈfaɪn/ (動詞) — 界定. To determine with precision; to mark out with distinctness; to ascertain or exhibit clearly.
perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ (名詞) — 知覺 /知覺, 感知. The organisation, identification and interpretation of sensory information.
resolve /ɹɪˈzɑlv/ (動詞) — 解決 /解決. To find a solution to (a problem).
boundary /ˈbaʊndɹi/ (名詞) — 邊界 /邊界. The dividing line or location between two areas.
quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/ (名詞) — 量. The total amount of something; quantity.
illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/ (名詞) — 幻想, 幻覺 /幻覺. A distortion of sensory perception where real stimuli lead to a false or misleading impression of reality.
particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ (名詞) — 粒子. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something.
correspond /ˌkoɹəˈspɑnd/ (動詞) — 對應 /對應. To be equivalent or similar in character, quantity, quality, origin, structure, function etc.
argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ (動詞) — 辯論 /辯論, 爭辯 /爭辯. To show grounds for concluding (that); to indicate, imply.
refer /ɹɪˈfɜː/ (動詞) — 談到 /談到. To direct the attention of (someone toward something).

影片中出現的短語動詞

come from (動詞) — 來自 /來自. To have as one's origin, birthplace or nationality.
bring up (動詞) — 撫養 /撫養, 養大 /養大. To mention.
check out (動詞) — 退房. To record the departure or withdrawal of someone or something (such as guests, employees, books, etc.).
figure out (動詞) — 弄清楚. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
follow up (動詞) — 跟進 /跟進. To take further actions remaining after an event; to continue, revisit, or persist; especially, to maintain communication or verify.

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 19 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, doesn't, isn't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, bother /ˈbɑðɚ/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: perception /pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/, illusion /ɪˈl(j)uːʒ(ə)n/, relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, notion /ˈnoʊʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: coordinate /koʊˈɔɹ.dəˌneɪt/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, difficulty /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 mathematics, physics, fundamental 這類單詞。

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	are made · has been pursued · was bothered
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	have made · has been pursued · haven't really figured

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: What is time? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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