跟讀練習: Our Solar System Lost Two Planets! - 通過影片學習英語口語

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We may have lost two planets.

And no, I don't mean astrophysicists have another disagreement about what we're allowed to call a planet.

I mean the result of a recent study which found that the solar system used to have six giant planets,

not four, but we lost two of them billions of years ago.

That's relatable.

I mean, who hasn't lost a planet or two?

But seriously, what the hell happened there?

I have a brief summary.

The solar system was not born as the neat diagram you find in schoolbooks with the planets all in place.

It formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust.

The cloud contracted under the pore of its own gravity and began to spin.

The center became so dense and hot that nuclear fusion ignited it.

That became our sun.

The leftover material formed a flat disk around the young sun.

Inside that disk, tiny grains began to stick together

and slowly build larger and larger objects which became the planets and their moons.

So far, so clear.

The devil is in the details, and it's the details that the authors of the new paper have now put together and compared with evidence.

What we do know is that in the early solar system, it was so hot close to the sun that only rock could clump and form planets.

That's why the inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are small and rocky.

Further out, it was coal enough for ice to also clump that gave the young planets out there much more building material.

Jupiter and Saturn grew quickly and became massive enough to pull in huge amounts of gas.

Uranus and Neptune also grew large but not large enough to collect as much gas before the disk disappeared.

These four planets are called gas giants and they're fascinating.

If Jupiter were hollow, about 1000 Earths could fit inside.

Saturn has such a low density that it'll float in water if you could find a bathtub to fit it in.

But here's the thing.

If physicists try to reproduce the formation of our solar system on a computer, it doesn't work if there are only these planets.

The way that they do this is to start with the initial distribution of matter and let it form a solar system.

Then they keep only cases which result in something that looks similar to what we in fact observe.

The thing is now that to match our observations, they need at least one, but better two, large extra planets.

Otherwise, the solar system does not come out correctly.

The idea is not entirely new.

The biggest hint that something dramatic must have happened in the young solar system is Uranus

because its axis is tilted a lot to the side and is not aligned with the overall axis of the solar system.

This doesn't naturally come about during the formation of the solar system.

It seems that something hit Uranus hard.

The new paper now looked at Uranus's moons and finds that these fit the picture as well.

The moons also orbit around the tilted axis, and these moons, especially one by the name of Miranda, have more ice than one would expect.

The authors now say this all fits together like this.

The early solar system had not four, but probably six of these ice giants.

They were much closer together than the ice giants are now.

If these giant planets are close together, this makes their orbits very unstable.

Solar systems are naturally chaotic, and in a case like this, the chaos sets in very quickly.

So two of the giant planets didn't stay on regular orbits, but instead began to wander around.

And one of them hit Uranus and tilted its axis.

In the aftermath, Uranus' moons got shaken out of their orbit and collided, which created multiple smaller moons, which then put on extra ice.

The two extra planets eventually ended up on a path that took them out of the solar system entirely.

This would have happened billions of years ago, so they'd be far away from us now.

They may still exist somewhere, but by now they'd be wandering between the stars, cold and dark, alone, and probably not subscribed to my channel.

I give this paper a 3 out of 10 on the bullshit meter.

Not because of the paper, but because of the general difficulty of the subject.

We're trying to patch together what happened in the distant past from what we see today, so all the evidence we can ever have is indirect.

The problem is not so different from trying to understand the origin of life, but it's more dominated by physics, so I think it's more doable.

I couldn't think of a closing joke, so I asked Chad GPT, and here's what he came up with.

Six ice giants close together.

This is not a solar system.

This is the physics department after the coffee machine breaks.

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Thanks for watching.

See you tomorrow.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“Our Solar System Lost Two Planets!”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：planet, solar, giant, moons, Nordvpn。這段影片共有 75 個句子、1057 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 6:14。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 169 個詞，接近日常對話。 82% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
axis 名詞	/ˈæksɪs/	軸 /軸, 軸心 /軸心
orbit 名詞	/ˈɔɹ.bɪt/	軌道 /軌道, 軌跡 /軌跡
disk 名詞	/dɪsk/	圓盤 /圓盤
wander 動詞	/ˈwɑndɚ/	漫步, 徘徊
astrophysicist 名詞	/ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/	天體物理學家 /天體物理學家
bathtub 名詞	/ˈbæθtʌb/	浴缸, 浴盆
collide 動詞	/kəˈlaɪd/	碰撞, 相撞
fascinate 動詞	/ˈfæsɪneɪt/	誘惑 /誘惑, 迷住
ignite 動詞	/ɪɡˈnaɪt/	點火 /點火, 點燃 /點燃
malware 名詞	/ˈmæl.wɛəɹ/	流氓軟體 /流氓軟體, 惡意軟體 /惡意軟體
physicist 名詞	/ˈfɪzɪsɪst/	物理學家 /物理學家
encryption 名詞	/ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/	加密
browse 動詞	/bɹaʊz/	隨便看 /隨便看, 閒逛 /閒逛
reproduce 動詞	/ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/	複製 /複製
align 動詞	/əˈlaɪn/	對齊 /對齊

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
come out 動詞	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	出, 出來 /出來
come up with 動詞		想出, 提出
put together 動詞		拼合, 組合 /組合

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構	影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的	was not born · are called · is tilted
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事	hasn't lost · have now put

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 13 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 doesn't, they'd, we're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: bathtub /ˈbæθtʌb/, aftermath /ˈæf.tɚˌmæθ/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: encryption /ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, disagreement /dɪsəˈɡɹiːmənt/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 axis, orbit, disk 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Our Solar System Lost Two Planets! - 通過影片學習英語口語

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