Shadowing Practice: Our Solar System Lost Two Planets! - Learn English Speaking with Video
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75 משפטים
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1
We may have lost two planets.
2
And no, I don't mean astrophysicists have another disagreement about what we're allowed to call a planet.
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I mean the result of a recent study which found that the solar system used to have six giant planets,
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not four, but we lost two of them billions of years ago.
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That's relatable.
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I mean, who hasn't lost a planet or two?
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But seriously, what the hell happened there?
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I have a brief summary.
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The solar system was not born as the neat diagram you find in schoolbooks with the planets all in place.
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It formed from a huge cloud of gas and dust.
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The cloud contracted under the pore of its own gravity and began to spin.
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The center became so dense and hot that nuclear fusion ignited it.
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That became our sun.
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The leftover material formed a flat disk around the young sun.
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Inside that disk, tiny grains began to stick together
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and slowly build larger and larger objects which became the planets and their moons.
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So far, so clear.
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The devil is in the details, and it's the details that the authors of the new paper have now put together and compared with evidence.
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What we do know is that in the early solar system, it was so hot close to the sun that only rock could clump and form planets.
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That's why the inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are small and rocky.
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Further out, it was coal enough for ice to also clump that gave the young planets out there much more building material.
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Jupiter and Saturn grew quickly and became massive enough to pull in huge amounts of gas.
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Uranus and Neptune also grew large but not large enough to collect as much gas before the disk disappeared.
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These four planets are called gas giants and they're fascinating.
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If Jupiter were hollow, about 1000 Earths could fit inside.
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Saturn has such a low density that it'll float in water if you could find a bathtub to fit it in.
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But here's the thing.
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If physicists try to reproduce the formation of our solar system on a computer, it doesn't work if there are only these planets.
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The way that they do this is to start with the initial distribution of matter and let it form a solar system.
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Then they keep only cases which result in something that looks similar to what we in fact observe.
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The thing is now that to match our observations, they need at least one, but better two, large extra planets.
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Otherwise, the solar system does not come out correctly.
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The idea is not entirely new.
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The biggest hint that something dramatic must have happened in the young solar system is Uranus
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because its axis is tilted a lot to the side and is not aligned with the overall axis of the solar system.
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This doesn't naturally come about during the formation of the solar system.
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It seems that something hit Uranus hard.
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The new paper now looked at Uranus's moons and finds that these fit the picture as well.
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The moons also orbit around the tilted axis, and these moons, especially one by the name of Miranda, have more ice than one would expect.
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The authors now say this all fits together like this.
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The early solar system had not four, but probably six of these ice giants.
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They were much closer together than the ice giants are now.
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If these giant planets are close together, this makes their orbits very unstable.
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Solar systems are naturally chaotic, and in a case like this, the chaos sets in very quickly.
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So two of the giant planets didn't stay on regular orbits, but instead began to wander around.
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And one of them hit Uranus and tilted its axis.
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In the aftermath, Uranus' moons got shaken out of their orbit and collided, which created multiple smaller moons, which then put on extra ice.
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The two extra planets eventually ended up on a path that took them out of the solar system entirely.
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This would have happened billions of years ago, so they'd be far away from us now.
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They may still exist somewhere, but by now they'd be wandering between the stars, cold and dark, alone, and probably not subscribed to my channel.
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I give this paper a 3 out of 10 on the bullshit meter.
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Not because of the paper, but because of the general difficulty of the subject.
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We're trying to patch together what happened in the distant past from what we see today, so all the evidence we can ever have is indirect.
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The problem is not so different from trying to understand the origin of life, but it's more dominated by physics, so I think it's more doable.
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I couldn't think of a closing joke, so I asked Chad GPT, and here's what he came up with.
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Six ice giants close together.
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This is not a solar system.
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This is the physics department after the coffee machine breaks.
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So go and check this out.
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Thanks for watching.
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See you tomorrow.
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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה
שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Our Solar System Lost Two Planets!”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: planet, solar, giant, moons, Nordvpn. בסרטון הזה יש 75 משפטים ו-1057 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 6:14. הדובר מדבר בקצב טבעי של כ-169 מילים בדקה, קרוב לשיחה יומיומית. 82% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.
אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה
15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| axis שם עצם | /ˈæksɪs/ | ציר |
| orbit שם עצם | /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/ | מַסְלוּל |
| disk שם עצם | /dɪsk/ | דִּיסְק |
| wander פועל | /ˈwɑndɚ/ | שׁוֹטֵט, תָּעָה |
| bathtub שם עצם | /ˈbæθtʌb/ | אַמְבַּטְיָה, אמבט |
| collide פועל | /kəˈlaɪd/ | הִתְנַגֵּשׁ |
| ignite פועל | /ɪɡˈnaɪt/ | הצית, הדליק |
| malware שם עצם | /ˈmæl.wɛəɹ/ | תוכנות מזיקות, תוכנה זדונית |
| physicist שם עצם | /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/ | פִיזִיקַאי |
| reproduce פועל | /ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/ | התרבה |
| disagreement שם עצם | /dɪsəˈɡɹiːmənt/ | מחלוקת, מַחְלֹקֶת |
| chaotic שם תואר | /keɪˈɑtɪk/ | כָּאוֹטִי |
| metre שם עצם | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | מֶטֶר |
| diagram שם עצם | /ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡɹæm/ | תַּרְשִׁים |
| float פועל | /fləʊt/ | צָף |
Phrasal verbs שתשמעו
| מילה | הגייה | משמעות |
|---|---|---|
| come out פועל | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | יָצָא |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | was not born · are called · is tilted |
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | hasn't lost · have now put |
הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה
הדובר משתמש ב-13 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו doesn't, they'd, we're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.
- הצלילים של “th”: bathtub /ˈbæθtʌb/, aftermath /ˈæf.tɚˌmæθ/
- הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: encryption /ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/, fusion /ˈfjuː.ʒən/
- מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, disagreement /dɪsəˈɡɹiːmənt/
צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:
- /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: wander /ˈwɑndɚ/, malware /ˈmæl.wɛəɹ/, quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/
- /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: axis /ˈæksɪs/, astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, bathtub /ˈbæθtʌb/, fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/, malware /ˈmæl.wɛəɹ/
- /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: orbit /ˈɔɹ.bɪt/, astrophysicist /ˌæstɹəʊˈfɪzɪsɪst/, malware /ˈmæl.wɛəɹ/, relatable [ɹɪˈleɪ.tə.bɫ̩], encryption /ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/
איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה
- הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
- התחילו במהירות 0.75×, תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט, וחזרו למהירות רגילה כשזה מרגיש קל.
- הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו axis, orbit, disk.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.