Shadowing Practice: FINALLY: A Proof that Particles Take All Paths At Once? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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1
Quantum particles can take every possible path at the same time.
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This is an 80 -year -old interpretation of the mathematics, which comes from Richard Feynman.
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But now a team of physicists in China say they've shown that this is more than an interpretation.
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They say they've experimentally proved that this is physical reality.
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So can we finally stop arguing about the interpretation of quantum physics?
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That'd be huge progress.
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I mean, it's only been 80 years by physics standards that's basically express delivery.
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Let's have a look.
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In ordinary physics, if you throw a ball, then the ball takes one particular path, depending on its initial place and velocity.
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That's if you throw the ball.
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If I throw the ball, I'll tear a body part I didn't know exists, and then the ball will get lost in the bushes.
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Still, physicists insist it's all strictly deterministic.
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In quantum physics, this isn't the case.
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Rather, Feynman said, what you do for a quantum particle is that you look at every possible path,
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not just the straight connection from a start to an end point, but every connection.
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For each path, you calculate a quantity called the amplitude.
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You sum them all up and from that you get the probability of the particle to go to a particular place.
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But just where it goes isn't determined.
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It's called a path integral, and Feynman showed that it gives the same result as using the wave function and the Schrödinger equation.
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But the neat thing about Feynman's method is
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that it gives you a visual interpretation of what's going on and also tells you exactly what's so strange about quantum physics.
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The particles can go all these different paths at the same time.
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Or do they?
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This condenses 80 years of quantum foundations into three words.
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A lot of physicists think that yes, this is really what the particles do and not just this.
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Many of them even think it's evidence that we live in a multiverse.
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For example, a press release from Google about their quantum computer claimed they'd done an experiment that, quote, gives credence to the notion
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that quantum computation occurs in many parallel universes in line with the idea that we live in a multiverse, a prediction first made by David Deutsch.
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The problem is that by construction of the path integral, you can never observe the paths.
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You only have observed the particle at the final point.
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If you were to observe the particle in between, then you'd only ever observe one path.
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The authors of the new paper now say they've shown that, yes, the particles actually go all these paths.
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In their own words, the paths are, quote, more than mere mathematical artifacts and reflect a physical aspect of quantum reality.
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Let me be clear, the question is not whether Feynman's path integral is correct or not.
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It makes, provably, the same predictions as Schrodinger's formalism.
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It's been tested a million times and we know it works.
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The question is whether we can experimentally settle what really happens.
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So what did they actually do in their experiment?
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They used single photons one at a time.
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They let the photons travel from one place to another and put a grid of measurement locations in between,
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basically, 17 along the direction of travel and 5 transverse to it.
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They take two of these grid points and measure what the amplitude of the photon does between them.
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And that, they find, fits exactly to Feynman's prediction.
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So, New Scientist writes, Richard Feynman's 80 -year -old quantum postulate has now been validated.
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Okay, but in this case, the New Scientist article is more reasonable than the paper itself.
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Does it validate Feynman's path integral?
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Yes, totally.
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It's a beautifully direct confirmation that the math really adds up the way he said.
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Then again, no one doubted this in the first place.
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Does it prove that the particles really go all possible paths when no one looks?
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No, of course not, because they didn't find out what the particles do when you don't measure them.
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They put in additional measurements just to then find that the particles were at one particular path, which again, no one doubted.
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So I'm sorry, but I give this paper a 9 out of 10 on the bullshit meter.
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Nice experiment, all right, but crappy interpretation.
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Why am I telling you about this anyway?
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It's because this is a neat illustration of why the foundations of physics are stuck.
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The problem that these guys tried to answer is the exact same problem
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that Albert Einstein tried to answer already and failed and which John Belvin tried to answer.
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Namely, does a quantum particle really do all the things at the same time
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when we don't look or does it really only do one thing?
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So not only did the authors of the paper misunderstand the task, they also didn't realize that this is exactly what Bell's inequality is about.
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Now, as I've said many times, the conclusion from Bell only follows once you postulate that superdeterminism is ruled out, which has never been ruled out.
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So actually, the current situation is still inconclusive, but experiments like the one in the new paper won't settle it.
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So in summary, Richard Feynman is still right, we still don't know how to interpret quantum physics, and John Bell is still dead.
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68
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Thanks for watching.
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See you tomorrow.
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This C1 speaking lesson is built on the video “FINALLY: A Proof that Particles Take All Paths At Once?”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: path, particle, quantum, physics, interpretation. This video has 80 sentences and 1120 words to shadow. The speech runs for 6:49. The speaker talks at a natural 164 words per minute, close to everyday conversation. Only 79% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.
Key vocabulary in this video
The 15 most advanced words in the video, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| particle noun | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something. |
| quantum noun | /ˈkwɑntəm/ | The total amount of something; quantity. |
| integral adjective | /ˈɪntəɡɹəl/ | Constituting a whole together with other parts or factors; not omittable or removable. |
| observe verb | /əbˈzɜːv/ | To notice or view, especially carefully or with attention to detail. |
| photon noun | /ˈfəʊtɒn/ | The quantum of light and other electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long… |
| physicist noun | /ˈfɪzɪsɪst/ | A person whose occupation specializes in the science of physics, especially at a professional level. |
| prediction noun | /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/ | A statement of what will happen in the future. |
| amplitude noun | /ˈæm.plɪ.tud/ | The measure of the size of something, especially its width or breadth; largeness, magnitude. |
| experimentally adverb | In the manner of an experiment. | |
| multiverse noun | /ˈmʌltəˌvɝs/ | The world, considered as lacking in purpose, design, or predictability. |
| postulate noun | /ˈpɑst͡ʃələt/ | Something assumed without proof as being self-evident or generally accepted, especially when used as a basis for an argument. Sometimes distinguished from… |
| validate verb | /ˈvæl.ɪ.deɪt/ | To render valid. |
| measurement noun | /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/ | The act of measuring. |
| artifact noun | /ˈɑɹtɪfækt/ | An object made or shaped by human hand or labor. |
| computation noun | /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃn̩/ | The act or process of computing; calculation; reckoning. |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| rule out verb | To cross an item out by drawing a straight line through it, as with a ruler. | |
| add up verb | To take the sum of; to total. | |
| find out verb | To discover, as by asking or investigating. | |
| get off verb | To move from being on top of (something) to not being on top of it. | |
| set up verb | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | To make ready for use. |
דקדוק בסרטון הזה
המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:
| מבנה | בסרטון |
|---|---|
| הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיו | they've shown · it's only been · have observed |
| סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולה | been tested · been validated · is ruled |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 23 contractions and reduced forms, such as don't, didn't, they've. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, measurement /ˈmɛʒ.ə.mənt/, computation /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃn̩/, illustration /ˌɪləsˈtɹeɪ̯ʃən/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/
- Long words — get the stress right: deterministic /dɪˌtɜː.mɪˈnɪs.tɪk/, inconclusive /ˌɪnkənˈkluːsɪv/, misunderstand /mɪs.ʌn.də(ɹ)ˈstænd/, vulnerability /ˌvʌln(ə)ɹəˈbɪlɪti/, velocity /vəˈlɑsəti/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like particle, quantum, integral.
מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?
שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.