跟讀練習: Where Did Earth's Water Come From? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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Unlike every other planet in our solar system, Earth's surface is 70 % liquid water, which while useful for life, is also kind of weird,

because everything we know about how and when our planet formed says Earth's surface should be bone dry.

The story goes like this.

Our solar system formed from the collapse of a large cloud of dust and gas.

The dense blob of gas at the center ignited to form the sun, which as a young unstable star unleashed a fierce solar wind.

And over time, this stream of charged particles pushed the remaining gas cloud farther and farther out, leaving only solid particles behind to clump together into rocks,

planetesimals, and finally, the rocky planets of the inner solar system that we know today.

And here's the problem.

Water, in the form of ice, couldn't have been one of the solid particles that stuck around to form our planet, because the early inner solar system was far too hot for frozen water,

and any water vapor would have been blasted away by the solar wind.

So if Earth didn't start off with water, how did we end up with such splendid oceans?

We know H2O wasn't manufactured here over the eons, because natural processes like combustion,

breathing and photosynthesis create and destroy roughly equal amounts of water, and either way, the amounts in question are so minuscule that they can't account for the abundance of water on the planet.

Since Earth's water was neither part of the original package nor manufactured here, it must have flown in from far away, on meteoroids or comets or other bodies originating in the outer solar system,

where they were far enough from the sun for frozen water to survive.

The dirty ice balls we call comets are a logical candidate for the source of our water, but were ruled out when we discovered that they were far richer in heavy hydrogen than earth water.

Heavy hydrogen has a neutron as well as a proton in its nucleus, and for every million hydrogen atoms in earth water, about 150 are heavy ones,

while typical comet water has twice that many.

These mismatched chemical signatures suggest that Earth's water couldn't have arrived on comets.

It turns out that the most likely source for Earth's water is a type of meteorite called a carbonaceous chondrite.

Chondrite is just the name given to the class of stony meteoroids that most commonly strike the Earth.

But only the carbonaceous chondrites contain water, as well as lots of carbon if you couldn't tell from their name.

They have water in them because they formed out beyond the sun's frost line, and what's more, their water has levels of heavy hydrogen similar to that of earth water,

strongly suggesting that these earth crashers are the source of our ice caps, clouds, rivers, and oceans.

And thus the water that turned our planet into a blue marble came, quite literally, out of the blue.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 B2 級別的口語課以影片“Where Did Earth's Water Come From?”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：solar, planet, earth, comet, hydrogen。這段影片共有 25 個句子、496 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 2:24。說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 206 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。只有 80% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
comet 名詞	/ˈkɒmɪt/	彗星, 掃帚星 /掃帚星
hydrogen 名詞	/ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/	氫 /氫
chondrite 名詞	/ˈkɒndɹaɪt/	球粒狀隕石 /球粒狀隕石
particle 名詞	/ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/	粒子
freeze 動詞	/ˈfɹiːz/	凍結 /凍結, 凍 /凍
ignite 動詞	/ɪɡˈnaɪt/	點火 /點火, 點燃 /點燃
meteorite 名詞	/ˈmi.ti.əˌɹaɪt/	隕石 /隕石
minuscule 名詞	/ˈmɪnəˌskjul/	小寫字母 /小寫字母
neutron 名詞	/ˈnu.tɹɑn/	中子
photosynthesis 名詞	/ˌfoʊ.toʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/	光合作用
proton 名詞	/ˈpɹoʊ.tɑn/	質子 /質子
unleash 動詞	/ʌnˈliʃ/	釋放 /釋放, 放開 /放開
vapor 名詞	/ˈveɪpɚ/	蒸氣 /蒸氣
combustion 名詞	/kəmˈbʌs.t͡ʃən/	燃燒 /燃燒
nucleus 名詞	/ˈnuː.kli.əs/	核心, 核

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
rule out 動詞	排除
turn out 動詞	原來 /原來

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 6 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 couldn't, can't, didn't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: carbonaceous /kɑːbəˈneɪʃəs/, unleash /ʌnˈliʃ/
長單詞——注意重音位置: carbonaceous /kɑːbəˈneɪʃəs/, meteorite /ˈmi.ti.əˌɹaɪt/, originate /əˈɹɪd͡ʒɪneɪt/, photosynthesis /ˌfoʊ.toʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: comet /ˈkɒmɪt/, chondrite /ˈkɒndɹaɪt/, carbonaceous /kɑːbəˈneɪʃəs/, freeze /ˈfɹiːz/, ignite /ɪɡˈnaɪt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, marble /ˈmɑɹ.bəl/
/æ/ — 嘴張大，不要讀成 /e/: mismatch /ˈmɪs.mæt͡ʃ/, atom /ˈætəm/, collapse /kəˈlæps/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 comet, hydrogen, chondrite 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

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跟讀練習: Where Did Earth's Water Come From? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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