跟讀練習: How High Can Birds Fly? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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In 1973, an airliner struck a bird called a Rupel's Griffin vulture, which on its own isn't that weird.

Planes hit birds pretty regularly during takeoffs and landings.

But this collision happened at a cruising height of over 11,000 meters.

That's way above the height at which most birds fly.

Which makes me wonder, what is the highest a bird can actually fly?

Hi, I'm Cameron and this is MinuteEarth.

Birds don't tend to fly higher than they absolutely need to, for the same reason you You don't sprint when you could walk.

It's difficult and tiring.

So we can't necessarily get the answer to this question through observation.

I mean, I guess we could drop a bunch of birds out of airplanes and see what happens, but our AdSense revenue definitely isn't going to cover that.

Plus, we're not monsters.

So let's use our understanding of aerodynamics, scaling laws, and biology to science our way to an approximate answer.

There are two things that limit how high a bird can fly.

Its ability to stay aloft as the air pressure decreases, and on a much more basic level, its ability to stay alive as the temperature and amount of oxygen decreases.

So first, let's figure out which bird could survive at the highest altitude.

Oxygen supplies birds the energy they need to stay warm, but at higher altitudes there's less oxygen available and the temperature is much colder,

so a bird's ability to survive high up in the air depends on how efficiently they use oxygen

and how well they can retain body heat paper measured the oxygen use of a handful of birds and found that, very generally, their overall oxygen use increases with mass.

We can then adjust according to other traits, like how much energy their flight muscles require and how much insulation their feathers provide.

From all of this, we can calculate the altitude at which each bird should suffer from hypothermia.

Let's call this their popsicle point.

If we then compile a data set of flying birds and plug their data into these equations, we can see a general pattern emerge.

Larger birds can theoretically survive at higher altitudes than smaller birds.

There are exceptions, of course, this is biology after all, but our calculations suggest that there are a bunch of birds that could potentially survive above 10,000 meters.

And the largest bird in our dataset, the wandering albatross, might be able to survive as high as 17,000 meters.

But remember, we also need to figure out if any of these birds could actually stay aloft at such high altitudes.

Because the air is less dense the higher you go, less air is available at higher altitudes to push upward against a bird's wings and create that lift.

A bird's ability to stay aloft high in the air depends on its weight, size of its wings, and the shape and angle of attack of its wings.

That's a factor called the lift coefficient.

Combining all of that tells us how much lift a bird's wings should generate in still air at a given altitude.

Simple enough at first.

But while weights and wingspans and whatnot are easy enough to measure, the wing shapes and angles aren't.

Because a bird's wing shape changes as it flies.

I'll save you the long explanation of my rationale here, and just say that this is about where I go out on a bit of a limb.

The lift coefficient for the birds in our dataset peaks at about 1.5 or so, and that's when they're taking off or about to stall.

In other words, when the bird is trying hardest to generate lift.

And since staying aloft is likely a struggle at a bird's maximum altitude, this is probably a pretty good estimate of the lift coefficient at this point.

From there, we can find the lowest air pressure at which each bird could generate sufficient lift to keep its mass aloft, and then use our friend the barometric equation to convert those

numbers to altitudes to estimate the highest point each bird in our dataset should be able to actually maintain flight.

Let's call this their lift limit.

In general, the smaller birds have the highest lift limits.

The hulking Muteswan would struggle to generate lift at a mere 3,800 meters, while the puny Sandmartin should be able to glide at nearly 19,000 meters.

Of course, air moves and it's not uniformly dense at given altitudes, so there's definitely some wiggle room here, which will be a surprise tool that's going to help us later.

But in any case, a bird with a higher lift limit should be able to fly higher than a bird with a lower one.

Now let's combine our lift limit data with our popsicle point data.

We can see that lots of birds, like the missile thrush, can theoretically fly super high, but would freeze long before they got there.

And then there are a bunch of other birds, like the wandering albatross, that could likely survive at super high altitudes but wouldn't be able to actually maintain flight up there.

That leaves us with a small cluster of birds with relatively high popsicle points and high lift limits.

Mathematically, these should be the highest flying birds, and for the most part, they're geese.

The greylag goose, the bean goose, the Canada goose, and the bar-headed goose should be able to fly as high as 8,000 meters or so,

according to our calculations, and this matches up pretty well with what scientists have actually observed.

Like during its migration over the highest mountain range on the planet, the bar-headed goose can reach altitudes of over 7,000 meters.

Then there's the white stork, which based on its popsicle point and lift limit, is our predicted highest flying bird.

It could potentially fly up to about 10,500 meters.

In reality, it doesn't fly anywhere near that high.

But remember, birds don't necessarily fly as high as they might be physically capable of.

But wait, what about the Rupal's griffin?

A bird we know for a fact can fly higher than 11,000 meters.

Our math suggests that it is lift limited a lot lower than that, about 8200 meters.

But this is where theoretical calculations fall short without some additional real-world knowledge.

See, the RuPaul's Griffin likes to soar on thermals, warm columns of rising air that can help birds exceed their mathematical lift limit,

sometimes even thousands of extra meters up into the air.

Other birds are also known to ride thermals, but none of the other high popsicle point birds ride such supercharged thermals, so the Rupples Griffin is likely the bird capable of the highest flight,

with the right thermal.

It might even reach its very generous popsicle point of 15,000 meters.

Turns out, that bird might have had a lot of climbing left to do.

You might have noticed that this video is chock full of all sorts of calculations

that I basically ripped my hair out trying to make sure I got right.

It would have been great if I had a brilliant tutor sitting next to me guiding my learning.

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Click the link below or scan the QR code to get started with Brilliant's tutor for free.

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Thanks Brilliant!

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流利口語所需的一切

AI 發音評分逐句打分

音標練習掌握每個音

詞彙學習建立你的詞庫

詞彙遊戲邊玩邊學

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這段影片共有 77 個句子、1297 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 6:44。說話人語速較快，每分鐘約 193 個詞，會出現較多連讀和弱讀。只有 79% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
meter 名詞	/ˈmitəɹ/	計量表 /計量表
oxygen 名詞	/ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/	氧
goose 名詞	/ɡus/	鵝 /鵝, 雁
griffin 名詞	/ˈɡɹɪf.ɪn/	獅鷲 /獅鷲
calculation 名詞	/ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/	計算 /計算
tutor 名詞	/ˈtjuːtəː/	私人教師 /私人教師, 家庭教師 /家庭教師
necessarily 副詞	/ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/	必然地, 必定地
angle 名詞	/ˈæŋ.ɡəl/	角, 角度
estimate 名詞	/ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/	估計 /估計
biology 名詞	/baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/	生物學 /生物學
depend 動詞	/dɪˈpɛnd/	信任, 信賴 /信賴
decrease 動詞	/dɪˈkɹiːs/	減少 /減少, 下降
mathematics 名詞	/mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/	數學 /數學, 算學 /算學
combine 動詞	/kəmˈbaɪn/	結合 /結合, 組合 /組合
equation 名詞	/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/	方程式, 方程

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	釋義
figure out 動詞	弄清楚
take off 動詞	脫 /脫
turn out 動詞	原來 /原來

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 15 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 don't, isn't, they're。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“th” 音: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/, feather /ˈfɛðə/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 meter, oxygen, goose 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: How High Can Birds Fly? - 通過影片學習英語口語

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