Pratique du Shadowing: How High Can Birds Fly? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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In 1973, an airliner struck a bird called a Rupel's Griffin vulture, which on its own isn't that weird.
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Planes hit birds pretty regularly during takeoffs and landings.
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But this collision happened at a cruising height of over 11,000 meters.
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That's way above the height at which most birds fly.
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Which makes me wonder, what is the highest a bird can actually fly?
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Hi, I'm Cameron and this is MinuteEarth.
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Birds don't tend to fly higher than they absolutely need to, for the same reason you You don't sprint when you could walk.
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It's difficult and tiring.
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So we can't necessarily get the answer to this question through observation.
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I mean, I guess we could drop a bunch of birds out of airplanes and see what happens, but our AdSense revenue definitely isn't going to cover that.
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Plus, we're not monsters.
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So let's use our understanding of aerodynamics, scaling laws, and biology to science our way to an approximate answer.
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There are two things that limit how high a bird can fly.
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Its ability to stay aloft as the air pressure decreases, and on a much more basic level, its ability to stay alive as the temperature and amount of oxygen decreases.
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So first, let's figure out which bird could survive at the highest altitude.
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Oxygen supplies birds the energy they need to stay warm, but at higher altitudes there's less oxygen available and the temperature is much colder,
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so a bird's ability to survive high up in the air depends on how efficiently they use oxygen
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and how well they can retain body heat paper measured the oxygen use of a handful of birds and found that, very generally, their overall oxygen use increases with mass.
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We can then adjust according to other traits, like how much energy their flight muscles require and how much insulation their feathers provide.
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From all of this, we can calculate the altitude at which each bird should suffer from hypothermia.
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Let's call this their popsicle point.
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If we then compile a data set of flying birds and plug their data into these equations, we can see a general pattern emerge.
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Larger birds can theoretically survive at higher altitudes than smaller birds.
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There are exceptions, of course, this is biology after all, but our calculations suggest that there are a bunch of birds that could potentially survive above 10,000 meters.
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And the largest bird in our dataset, the wandering albatross, might be able to survive as high as 17,000 meters.
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But remember, we also need to figure out if any of these birds could actually stay aloft at such high altitudes.
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Because the air is less dense the higher you go, less air is available at higher altitudes to push upward against a bird's wings and create that lift.
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A bird's ability to stay aloft high in the air depends on its weight, size of its wings, and the shape and angle of attack of its wings.
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That's a factor called the lift coefficient.
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Combining all of that tells us how much lift a bird's wings should generate in still air at a given altitude.
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Simple enough at first.
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But while weights and wingspans and whatnot are easy enough to measure, the wing shapes and angles aren't.
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Because a bird's wing shape changes as it flies.
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I'll save you the long explanation of my rationale here, and just say that this is about where I go out on a bit of a limb.
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The lift coefficient for the birds in our dataset peaks at about 1.5 or so, and that's when they're taking off or about to stall.
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In other words, when the bird is trying hardest to generate lift.
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And since staying aloft is likely a struggle at a bird's maximum altitude, this is probably a pretty good estimate of the lift coefficient at this point.
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From there, we can find the lowest air pressure at which each bird could generate sufficient lift to keep its mass aloft, and then use our friend the barometric equation to convert those
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numbers to altitudes to estimate the highest point each bird in our dataset should be able to actually maintain flight.
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Let's call this their lift limit.
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In general, the smaller birds have the highest lift limits.
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The hulking Muteswan would struggle to generate lift at a mere 3,800 meters, while the puny Sandmartin should be able to glide at nearly 19,000 meters.
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Of course, air moves and it's not uniformly dense at given altitudes, so there's definitely some wiggle room here, which will be a surprise tool that's going to help us later.
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But in any case, a bird with a higher lift limit should be able to fly higher than a bird with a lower one.
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Now let's combine our lift limit data with our popsicle point data.
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We can see that lots of birds, like the missile thrush, can theoretically fly super high, but would freeze long before they got there.
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And then there are a bunch of other birds, like the wandering albatross, that could likely survive at super high altitudes but wouldn't be able to actually maintain flight up there.
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That leaves us with a small cluster of birds with relatively high popsicle points and high lift limits.
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Mathematically, these should be the highest flying birds, and for the most part, they're geese.
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The greylag goose, the bean goose, the Canada goose, and the bar-headed goose should be able to fly as high as 8,000 meters or so,
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according to our calculations, and this matches up pretty well with what scientists have actually observed.
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Like during its migration over the highest mountain range on the planet, the bar-headed goose can reach altitudes of over 7,000 meters.
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Then there's the white stork, which based on its popsicle point and lift limit, is our predicted highest flying bird.
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It could potentially fly up to about 10,500 meters.
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In reality, it doesn't fly anywhere near that high.
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But remember, birds don't necessarily fly as high as they might be physically capable of.
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But wait, what about the Rupal's griffin?
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A bird we know for a fact can fly higher than 11,000 meters.
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Our math suggests that it is lift limited a lot lower than that, about 8200 meters.
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But this is where theoretical calculations fall short without some additional real-world knowledge.
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See, the RuPaul's Griffin likes to soar on thermals, warm columns of rising air that can help birds exceed their mathematical lift limit,
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sometimes even thousands of extra meters up into the air.
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Other birds are also known to ride thermals, but none of the other high popsicle point birds ride such supercharged thermals, so the Rupples Griffin is likely the bird capable of the highest flight,
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with the right thermal.
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It might even reach its very generous popsicle point of 15,000 meters.
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Turns out, that bird might have had a lot of climbing left to do.
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You might have noticed that this video is chock full of all sorts of calculations
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that I basically ripped my hair out trying to make sure I got right.
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It would have been great if I had a brilliant tutor sitting next to me guiding my learning.
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Wait, there is a brilliant tutor.
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If you regularly watch our videos, you're probably aware of the awesome interactive learning platform that is brilliant.
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and MinuteEarth's viewers can save an additional 20% off an annual subscription at Brilliant.org slash MinuteEarth.
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Thanks Brilliant!
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 77 phrases et 1297 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:44. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 193 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 79 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| meter nom | /ˈmitəɹ/ | mètre, compteur |
| oxygen nom | /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/ | oxygène |
| goose nom | /ɡus/ | oie |
| generate verbe | /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/ | générer |
| griffin nom | /ˈɡɹɪf.ɪn/ | griffon |
| calculation nom | /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/ | calcul |
| tutor nom | /ˈtjuːtəː/ | tuteur |
| necessarily adverbe | /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/ | absolument, nécessairement |
| potentially adverbe | /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/ | potentiellement |
| angle nom | /ˈæŋ.ɡəl/ | angle |
| estimate nom | /ˈɛs.tɪ.mət/ | estimation |
| biology nom | /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ | biologie |
| depend verbe | /dɪˈpɛnd/ | dépendre |
| decrease verbe | /dɪˈkɹiːs/ | diminuer |
| mathematics nom | /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/ | mathématiques |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| figure out verbe | cerner |
| take off verbe | enlever, ôter |
| turn out verbe | se finir, se terminer |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 15 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, isn't, they're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, mathematical /ˌmæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, theoretical /ˌθi.əˈɹɛt.ɪ.kəl/, feather /ˈfɛðə/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, equation /ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, exception /əkˈsɛpʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: necessarily /ˌnɛs.əˈsɛɹ.ə.li/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme meter, oxygen, goose.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.