Pratique du Shadowing: Four Places We Might Find Aliens - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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48 phrases
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We don't actually know if aliens exist, but if they do, their cells probably have a special type of membrane.
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And that knowledge alone tells us where we can look for them, and maybe even what they'll be like.
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Hi, I'm David, and this is MinuteEarth.
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There are lots of different ways scientists can search for life on other planets.
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They can listen for radio signals from alien civilizations.
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They can scan distant atmospheres for the chemical fingerprints life leaves behind.
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And they can send spacecraft to sample places in our own solar system where life might be hiding.
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Or they can search for places that have the right conditions for a particular type of membrane to form.
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This last one is actually a pretty powerful tool for zeroing in on possible extraterrestrial life,
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because virtually every cell on Earth is wrapped in a membrane that keeps its contents inside,
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builds up a gradient by piling charged particles on one side, and then captures energy as those particles flow back through to the other.
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These membranes, we can call them electrochemical membranes, are so fundamental to life that many experts think that extraterrestrial life will likely have them too.
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On Earth, electrochemical membranes are formed from a specific set of elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which can form molecules that,
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in the presence of liquid water, assemble into, well, membranes.
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And those membranes in turn form the foundation of life on Earth.
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So one way to find extraterrestrial life is to look for other worlds
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that have those same elements and the liquid water
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that would allow them to self -assemble and some sort of energy to power the life forms.
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And there are two of those worlds relatively nearby.
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Saturn's moon Enceladus has all of those elements and liquid water, though the ocean is buried under a thick shell of ice.
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So the membranes crucial to life could potentially form on Enceladus.
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But without direct sunlight, there's not much energy available.
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Any life
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that formed there would likely have to rely on the trickle of energy coming from hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.
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So I imagine that any life there would be small and live right next to those vents.
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Jupiter's moon Europa also has all five of those membrane -building elements and a liquid ocean under an icy shell.
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But unlike energy -poor Enceladus, Europa is constantly being bombarded by radiation from Jupiter,
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and experiences much more tidal heating as it gets pushed and pulled by the massive planet.
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So if there is life on Europa, perhaps it's faster moving because it has more access to that energy.
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And then there's K2 -18b, a planet about 120 light -years away from us.
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From spectroscopy, we're pretty sure that it has at least three of the required elements to build
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Earth -like electrochemical membranes, and it may even have liquid water.
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But it's also surrounded by a thick layer of hydrogen gas, which for complicated chemistry reasons,
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some scientists speculate would lead not to the development of lots of individual membranes, but instead one big one.
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So that makes me envision alien life on K2 -18b that's not multiple organisms, but instead a single giant film that covers the entire world.
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And life may not actually be limited to worlds with exact
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Earth -like chemistry, because scientists think that in some cases, electrochemical membranes might be able to form from slightly different ingredients.
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The clouds surrounding
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Venus, for example, have no liquid water.
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So Earth -like membranes couldn't form there.
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And even if they did, the clouds are made of concentrated sulfuric acid, which would destroy those membranes on contact.
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What scientists have discovered, though, is that electrochemical membranes built with sulfur can actually self -assemble and survive in strong acid.
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So any life on Venus would probably have to form inside droplets of sulfuric acid.
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And because those droplets would have access to plenty of energy from sunlight as they floated up and down in the clouds,
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I picture excited aliens bopping around in their little acid bubbles.
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Again, we still don't know whether aliens exist.
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But focusing on the likelihood that they'll have electrochemical membranes doesn't just tell us where to look.
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It also hints that whatever we find could be deeply weird.

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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « Four Places We Might Find Aliens ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : membrane, energy, electrochemical, liquid, Earth. Cette vidéo contient 48 phrases et 718 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 3:25. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 210 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 79 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

MotPrononciationSens
liquid nom/ˈlɪk.wɪd/liquide
element nom/ˈɛləmənt/élément
acid nom/ˈæsɪd/acide
scientist nom/ˈsaɪəntəst/scientifique, savant
membrane nom/ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/membrane
cloud nom/ˈklaʊ̯d/nuage
assemble verbe/əˈsɛm.bəl/assembler, rassembler
thick adjectif/θɪk/épais, gros
shell nom/ʃɛl/coquille, coquillage
chemistry nom/ˈkɛm.ɪ.stɹi/chimie
hydrogen nom/ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/hydrogène
particle nom/ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/particule
sunlight nom/ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/lumière du soleil
vent nom/vɛnt/bouche d'aération
surround verbe/səˈɹaʊnd/entourer, cerner

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

MotSens
build up verbes'accumuler, s'entasser
leave behind verbeabandonner

Prononciation à surveiller

Le locuteur utilise 8 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, they'll, couldn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.

  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: shell /ʃɛl/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, virtually /ˈvɚ.t͡ʃə.wə.li/

Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :

  • /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, hint /hɪnt/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/
  • /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, virtually /ˈvɚ.t͡ʃə.wə.li/, oxygen /ˈɑksɪd͡ʒən/, nitrogen /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/
  • /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: membrane /ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/, chemistry /ˈkɛm.ɪ.stɹi/, hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme liquid, element, acid.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →