Практика Shadowing: Four Places We Might Find Aliens - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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48 предложений
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We don't actually know if aliens exist, but if they do, their cells probably have a special type of membrane.
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And that knowledge alone tells us where we can look for them, and maybe even what they'll be like.
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Hi, I'm David, and this is MinuteEarth.
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There are lots of different ways scientists can search for life on other planets.
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They can listen for radio signals from alien civilizations.
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They can scan distant atmospheres for the chemical fingerprints life leaves behind.
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And they can send spacecraft to sample places in our own solar system where life might be hiding.
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Or they can search for places that have the right conditions for a particular type of membrane to form.
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This last one is actually a pretty powerful tool for zeroing in on possible extraterrestrial life,
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because virtually every cell on Earth is wrapped in a membrane that keeps its contents inside,
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builds up a gradient by piling charged particles on one side, and then captures energy as those particles flow back through to the other.
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These membranes, we can call them electrochemical membranes, are so fundamental to life that many experts think that extraterrestrial life will likely have them too.
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On Earth, electrochemical membranes are formed from a specific set of elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which can form molecules that,
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in the presence of liquid water, assemble into, well, membranes.
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And those membranes in turn form the foundation of life on Earth.
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So one way to find extraterrestrial life is to look for other worlds
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that have those same elements and the liquid water
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that would allow them to self -assemble and some sort of energy to power the life forms.
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And there are two of those worlds relatively nearby.
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Saturn's moon Enceladus has all of those elements and liquid water, though the ocean is buried under a thick shell of ice.
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So the membranes crucial to life could potentially form on Enceladus.
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But without direct sunlight, there's not much energy available.
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Any life
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that formed there would likely have to rely on the trickle of energy coming from hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.
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So I imagine that any life there would be small and live right next to those vents.
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Jupiter's moon Europa also has all five of those membrane -building elements and a liquid ocean under an icy shell.
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But unlike energy -poor Enceladus, Europa is constantly being bombarded by radiation from Jupiter,
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and experiences much more tidal heating as it gets pushed and pulled by the massive planet.
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So if there is life on Europa, perhaps it's faster moving because it has more access to that energy.
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And then there's K2 -18b, a planet about 120 light -years away from us.
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From spectroscopy, we're pretty sure that it has at least three of the required elements to build
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Earth -like electrochemical membranes, and it may even have liquid water.
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But it's also surrounded by a thick layer of hydrogen gas, which for complicated chemistry reasons,
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some scientists speculate would lead not to the development of lots of individual membranes, but instead one big one.
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So that makes me envision alien life on K2 -18b that's not multiple organisms, but instead a single giant film that covers the entire world.
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And life may not actually be limited to worlds with exact
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Earth -like chemistry, because scientists think that in some cases, electrochemical membranes might be able to form from slightly different ingredients.
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The clouds surrounding
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Venus, for example, have no liquid water.
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So Earth -like membranes couldn't form there.
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And even if they did, the clouds are made of concentrated sulfuric acid, which would destroy those membranes on contact.
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What scientists have discovered, though, is that electrochemical membranes built with sulfur can actually self -assemble and survive in strong acid.
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So any life on Venus would probably have to form inside droplets of sulfuric acid.
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And because those droplets would have access to plenty of energy from sunlight as they floated up and down in the clouds,
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I picture excited aliens bopping around in their little acid bubbles.
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Again, we still don't know whether aliens exist.
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But focusing on the likelihood that they'll have electrochemical membranes doesn't just tell us where to look.
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It also hints that whatever we find could be deeply weird.
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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку
Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Four Places We Might Find Aliens». Чаще всего повторяются слова: membrane, energy, electrochemical, liquid, Earth. В этом видео 48 предложений и 718 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 3:25. Говорящий говорит быстро, около 210 слов в минуту, поэтому звуки часто сливаются и сокращаются. Только 79% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.
Ключевая лексика этого видео
15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:
| Слово | Произношение | Значение |
|---|---|---|
| liquid существительное | /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ | жи́дкость |
| element существительное | /ˈɛləmənt/ | элеме́нт, звено́ |
| acid существительное | /ˈæsɪd/ | кислота́, кисля́тина |
| scientist существительное | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | учёный, учёная |
| membrane существительное | /ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/ | мембра́на |
| cloud существительное | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | о́блако, ту́ча |
| assemble глагол | /əˈsɛm.bəl/ | собира́ть, собра́ть |
| thick прилагательное | /θɪk/ | то́лстый |
| shell существительное | /ʃɛl/ | ра́ковина, раку́шка |
| chemistry существительное | /ˈkɛm.ɪ.stɹi/ | хи́мия |
| hydrogen существительное | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | водоро́д |
| particle существительное | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | части́ца, крупи́ца |
| sunlight существительное | /ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ | со́лнечный свет |
| vent существительное | /vɛnt/ | вентиляцио́нное отве́рстие, выходно́е отве́рстие |
| surround глагол | /səˈɹaʊnd/ | окружа́ть, окружи́ть |
Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите
| Слово | Значение |
|---|---|
| build up глагол | накапливаться, скапливаться |
| leave behind глагол | оставля́ть, оста́вить |
Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание
Говорящий использует 8 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например don't, they'll, couldn't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.
- Звуки «sh» и «zh»: shell /ʃɛl/, capture /ˈkæp.(t)ʃɚ/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/
- Длинные слова — следите за ударением: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, fundamental /ˌfʌn.dəˈmɛn.təl/, radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, virtually /ˈvɚ.t͡ʃə.wə.li/
Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:
- /w/ — губы округлены, это не /v/: liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/, virtually /ˈvɚ.t͡ʃə.wə.li/
- /h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, hint /hɪnt/, likelihood /ˈlaɪklihʊd/
- Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: liquid /ˈlɪk.wɪd/, acid /ˈæsɪd/, cloud /ˈklaʊ̯d/, surround /səˈɹaʊnd/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/
Как заниматься с этим видео
- Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
- Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
- Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как liquid, element, acid.
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.