Pratique du Shadowing: Why Do We Have More Boys Than Girls? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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28 phrases
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1
Most parents-to-be assume that the sex of their child comes down to a flip of the chromosomal coin, with an equal chance of having a boy or a girl.
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But in reality, the odds aren't even.
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For every 100 girls born, the world gains about 106 baby boys.
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Currently, that skewed sex ratio comes out to roughly 10 million more baby boys than girls born worldwide each year.
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There are some countries where human meddling stacks the odds even higher in favor of boys, but that doesn't explain the fixed odds everywhere else.
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The intrinsic boy-girl ratio is rigged by Mother Nature.
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In fact, it's even more rigged than birth rates show.
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Human conception results in about 150 male zygotes for every 100 females.
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But there's a rather tragic reason for this big biological boy bias early on.
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Male fetuses are much more likely to be miscarried or stillborn than female fetuses.
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And boys that do make it out of the womb suffer more fatal diseases, take more mortal risks and fall prey to more violence than girls.
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So by the time kids grow up and reach baby-making age, the ratio of males to females is just about one to one.
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But the likelihood of a boy even making it to birth is also influenced by his mom's living conditions during pregnancy.
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For example, when a massive famine struck China in the 1960s, the relative likelihood of having a son suddenly dropped, until the famine ended.
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And male Americans born to billionaires seem to have higher than average odds of fathering sons.
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Somehow, female biology suppresses boy survival in the womb during tough times and boosts it when times are good.
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We've seen the same pattern in other mammals, too.
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When resources are scarce, mothers give birth to fewer males than normal.
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When resources are plentiful, they bear more.
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The best explanation we have for this has to do with sex, the other kind.
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In biological terms, the whole goal of copulation is to reproduce, to pass down your genes to someone who will someday pass them on again.
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Female offspring are almost guaranteed to reproduce, famine or no famine, because male mammals are pretty much always willing to mate.
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Males, on the other hand, have to compete for mating privileges.
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A well-nurtured hunk has a good chance of mating with lots of females, while a male weakened by famine might not score at all.
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So male offspring are a bigger risk in general.
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At all stages, they're more likely to die.
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And even if they live, they might not reproduce.
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But when times are good, boys' potential to father lots and lots of babies make them a biological risk worth taking.

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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette vidéo contient 28 phrases et 452 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 2:27. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 184 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

MotPrononciationSens
famine nom/ˈfæm.ɪn/famine, disette
odd adjectif/ɑd/bizarre, étrange
ratio nom/ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/rapport, ratio
biological adjectif/ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/biologique
reproduce verbe/ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/reproduire
resource nom/ɹɪˈzɔːs/ressource
likelihood nom/ˈlaɪklihʊd/vraisemblance
offspring nom/ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/enfance, enfants
womb nom/wuːm/utérus, ventre
fetus nom/ˈfiːtəs/fœtus, fétus
relative nom/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/parent
suffer verbe/ˈsʌfɚ/souffrir
explanation nom/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/explication
guarantee nom/ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/garantie
compete verbe/kəmˈpiːt/rivaliser, concourir

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

MotSens
grow up verbegrandir
pass down verbetransmettre

Prononciation à surveiller

Le locuteur utilise 4 contractions et formes réduites, comme aren't, doesn't, they're. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.

  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, chromosomal /ˌkɹoʊməˈsoʊməl/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme famine, odd, ratio.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →