Shadowing Practice: Why Do We Have More Boys Than Girls? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Most parents-to-be assume that the sex of their child comes down to a flip of the chromosomal coin, with an equal chance of having a boy or a girl.
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But in reality, the odds aren't even.
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For every 100 girls born, the world gains about 106 baby boys.
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Currently, that skewed sex ratio comes out to roughly 10 million more baby boys than girls born worldwide each year.
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There are some countries where human meddling stacks the odds even higher in favor of boys, but that doesn't explain the fixed odds everywhere else.
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The intrinsic boy-girl ratio is rigged by Mother Nature.
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In fact, it's even more rigged than birth rates show.
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Human conception results in about 150 male zygotes for every 100 females.
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But there's a rather tragic reason for this big biological boy bias early on.
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Male fetuses are much more likely to be miscarried or stillborn than female fetuses.
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And boys that do make it out of the womb suffer more fatal diseases, take more mortal risks and fall prey to more violence than girls.
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So by the time kids grow up and reach baby-making age, the ratio of males to females is just about one to one.
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But the likelihood of a boy even making it to birth is also influenced by his mom's living conditions during pregnancy.
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For example, when a massive famine struck China in the 1960s, the relative likelihood of having a son suddenly dropped, until the famine ended.
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And male Americans born to billionaires seem to have higher than average odds of fathering sons.
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Somehow, female biology suppresses boy survival in the womb during tough times and boosts it when times are good.
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We've seen the same pattern in other mammals, too.
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When resources are scarce, mothers give birth to fewer males than normal.
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When resources are plentiful, they bear more.
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The best explanation we have for this has to do with sex, the other kind.
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In biological terms, the whole goal of copulation is to reproduce, to pass down your genes to someone who will someday pass them on again.
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Female offspring are almost guaranteed to reproduce, famine or no famine, because male mammals are pretty much always willing to mate.
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Males, on the other hand, have to compete for mating privileges.
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A well-nurtured hunk has a good chance of mating with lots of females, while a male weakened by famine might not score at all.
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So male offspring are a bigger risk in general.
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At all stages, they're more likely to die.
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And even if they live, they might not reproduce.
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But when times are good, boys' potential to father lots and lots of babies make them a biological risk worth taking.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Este vídeo tiene 28 frases y 452 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 2:27. El hablante habla rápido, unas 184 palabras por minuto, así que espera sonidos enlazados y reducidos. Solo el 78 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés, por lo que el vocabulario es exigente.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| famine sustantivo | /ˈfæm.ɪn/ | hambruna, hambre |
| odd adjetivo | /ɑd/ | extraño, raro |
| ratio sustantivo | /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/ | razón, cociente |
| biological adjetivo | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | biológico |
| reproduce verbo | /ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/ | reproducir |
| resource sustantivo | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | recurso |
| likelihood sustantivo | /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ | probabilidad |
| rig sustantivo | /ɹɪɡ/ | aparejo |
| offspring sustantivo | /ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/ | descendencia, linaje |
| womb sustantivo | /wuːm/ | vientre |
| fetus sustantivo | /ˈfiːtəs/ | feto |
| relative sustantivo | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | familiar, pariente |
| suffer verbo | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | sufrir, penar |
| explanation sustantivo | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | explicación |
| guarantee sustantivo | /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ | garantía, caución |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| grow up verbo | crecer |
| pass down verbo | heredar, pasar |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 4 contracciones y formas reducidas, como aren't, doesn't, they're. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, chromosomal /ˌkɹoʊməˈsoʊməl/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como famine, odd, ratio.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.