Shadowing Practice: Why Do We Have More Boys Than Girls? - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Most parents-to-be assume that the sex of their child comes down to a flip of the chromosomal coin, with an equal chance of having a boy or a girl.
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But in reality, the odds aren't even.
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For every 100 girls born, the world gains about 106 baby boys.
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Currently, that skewed sex ratio comes out to roughly 10 million more baby boys than girls born worldwide each year.
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There are some countries where human meddling stacks the odds even higher in favor of boys, but that doesn't explain the fixed odds everywhere else.
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The intrinsic boy-girl ratio is rigged by Mother Nature.
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In fact, it's even more rigged than birth rates show.
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Human conception results in about 150 male zygotes for every 100 females.
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But there's a rather tragic reason for this big biological boy bias early on.
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Male fetuses are much more likely to be miscarried or stillborn than female fetuses.
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And boys that do make it out of the womb suffer more fatal diseases, take more mortal risks and fall prey to more violence than girls.
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So by the time kids grow up and reach baby-making age, the ratio of males to females is just about one to one.
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But the likelihood of a boy even making it to birth is also influenced by his mom's living conditions during pregnancy.
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For example, when a massive famine struck China in the 1960s, the relative likelihood of having a son suddenly dropped, until the famine ended.
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And male Americans born to billionaires seem to have higher than average odds of fathering sons.
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Somehow, female biology suppresses boy survival in the womb during tough times and boosts it when times are good.
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We've seen the same pattern in other mammals, too.
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When resources are scarce, mothers give birth to fewer males than normal.
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When resources are plentiful, they bear more.
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The best explanation we have for this has to do with sex, the other kind.
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In biological terms, the whole goal of copulation is to reproduce, to pass down your genes to someone who will someday pass them on again.
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Female offspring are almost guaranteed to reproduce, famine or no famine, because male mammals are pretty much always willing to mate.
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Males, on the other hand, have to compete for mating privileges.
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A well-nurtured hunk has a good chance of mating with lots of females, while a male weakened by famine might not score at all.
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So male offspring are a bigger risk in general.
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At all stages, they're more likely to die.
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And even if they live, they might not reproduce.
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But when times are good, boys' potential to father lots and lots of babies make them a biological risk worth taking.

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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları

Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 28 cümle ve 452 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 2:27 sürüyor. Konuşmacı hızlı konuşuyor, dakikada yaklaşık 184 kelime; bu yüzden birbirine bağlanan ve zayıflayan sesler duyacaksınız. Kelimelerin yalnızca %78’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.

Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler

Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:

KelimeTelaffuzAnlam
famine isim/ˈfæm.ɪn/kıtlık, açlık
ratio isim/ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/oran
biological sıfat/ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/biyolojik, dirim bilimsel
resource isim/ɹɪˈzɔːs/kaynak
offspring isim/ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/yavru
womb isim/wuːm/döl yatağı, rahim
fetus isim/ˈfiːtəs/fetus, cenin
relative isim/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/akraba
suffer fiil/ˈsʌfɚ/çekmek, acı çekmek
explanation isim/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/açıklama
guarantee isim/ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/garanti, güvence
compete fiil/kəmˈpiːt/boy ölçüşmek, yarışmak
survival isim/sɚˈvaɪ.vəl/hayatta kalma
gene isim/d͡ʒiːn/gen
roughly zarf/ˈɹʌf.li/kabaca

Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller

KelimeAnlam
grow up fiilbüyümek, yetişmek

Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar

Konuşmacı aren't, doesn't, they're gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 4 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.

  • “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
  • Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, chromosomal /ˌkɹoʊməˈsoʊməl/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/

Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır

  1. Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
  2. 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
  3. Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; famine, ratio, biological gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.

Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?

Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.

Shadowing tekniği: adım adım eksiksiz rehberi okuyun →