Shadowing Practice: Why Do We Have More Boys Than Girls? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Most parents-to-be assume that the sex of their child comes down to a flip of the chromosomal coin, with an equal chance of having a boy or a girl.
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But in reality, the odds aren't even.
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For every 100 girls born, the world gains about 106 baby boys.
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Currently, that skewed sex ratio comes out to roughly 10 million more baby boys than girls born worldwide each year.
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There are some countries where human meddling stacks the odds even higher in favor of boys, but that doesn't explain the fixed odds everywhere else.
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The intrinsic boy-girl ratio is rigged by Mother Nature.
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In fact, it's even more rigged than birth rates show.
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Human conception results in about 150 male zygotes for every 100 females.
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But there's a rather tragic reason for this big biological boy bias early on.
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Male fetuses are much more likely to be miscarried or stillborn than female fetuses.
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And boys that do make it out of the womb suffer more fatal diseases, take more mortal risks and fall prey to more violence than girls.
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So by the time kids grow up and reach baby-making age, the ratio of males to females is just about one to one.
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But the likelihood of a boy even making it to birth is also influenced by his mom's living conditions during pregnancy.
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For example, when a massive famine struck China in the 1960s, the relative likelihood of having a son suddenly dropped, until the famine ended.
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And male Americans born to billionaires seem to have higher than average odds of fathering sons.
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Somehow, female biology suppresses boy survival in the womb during tough times and boosts it when times are good.
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We've seen the same pattern in other mammals, too.
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When resources are scarce, mothers give birth to fewer males than normal.
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When resources are plentiful, they bear more.
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The best explanation we have for this has to do with sex, the other kind.
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In biological terms, the whole goal of copulation is to reproduce, to pass down your genes to someone who will someday pass them on again.
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Female offspring are almost guaranteed to reproduce, famine or no famine, because male mammals are pretty much always willing to mate.
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Males, on the other hand, have to compete for mating privileges.
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A well-nurtured hunk has a good chance of mating with lots of females, while a male weakened by famine might not score at all.
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So male offspring are a bigger risk in general.
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At all stages, they're more likely to die.
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And even if they live, they might not reproduce.
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But when times are good, boys' potential to father lots and lots of babies make them a biological risk worth taking.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze video bevat 28 zinnen en 452 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 2:27. De spreker praat snel, ongeveer 184 woorden per minuut, dus reken op verbonden en ingeslikte klanken. Slechts 78% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden, dus de woordenschat is pittig.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| famine zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfæm.ɪn/ | hongersnood |
| odd bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɑd/ | vreemd, merkwaardig |
| biological bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/ | biologisch, biologische |
| reproduce werkwoord | /ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/ | reproduceren |
| resource zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ | bron, hulpbron |
| likelihood zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈlaɪklihʊd/ | waarschijnlijkheid |
| offspring zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/ | afstammelingen, kinderen |
| womb zelfstandig naamwoord | /wuːm/ | baarmoeder |
| fetus zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfiːtəs/ | foetus |
| relative zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/ | familielid, bloedverwant |
| suffer werkwoord | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | lijden |
| explanation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/ | verklaring, toelichting |
| guarantee zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/ | garantie |
| boost werkwoord | /buːst/ | een zetje geven, een duwtje geven |
| compete werkwoord | /kəmˈpiːt/ | wedijveren |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Betekenis |
|---|---|
| grow up werkwoord | opgroeien |
| pass down werkwoord | doorgeven |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 4 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals aren't, doesn't, they're. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, chromosomal /ˌkɹoʊməˈsoʊməl/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als famine, odd, biological.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.