Prática de Shadowing: Why Do We Have More Boys Than Girls? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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Most parents-to-be assume that the sex of their child comes down to a flip of the chromosomal coin, with an equal chance of having a boy or a girl.
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But in reality, the odds aren't even.
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For every 100 girls born, the world gains about 106 baby boys.
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Currently, that skewed sex ratio comes out to roughly 10 million more baby boys than girls born worldwide each year.
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There are some countries where human meddling stacks the odds even higher in favor of boys, but that doesn't explain the fixed odds everywhere else.
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The intrinsic boy-girl ratio is rigged by Mother Nature.
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In fact, it's even more rigged than birth rates show.
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Human conception results in about 150 male zygotes for every 100 females.
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But there's a rather tragic reason for this big biological boy bias early on.
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Male fetuses are much more likely to be miscarried or stillborn than female fetuses.
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And boys that do make it out of the womb suffer more fatal diseases, take more mortal risks and fall prey to more violence than girls.
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So by the time kids grow up and reach baby-making age, the ratio of males to females is just about one to one.
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But the likelihood of a boy even making it to birth is also influenced by his mom's living conditions during pregnancy.
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For example, when a massive famine struck China in the 1960s, the relative likelihood of having a son suddenly dropped, until the famine ended.
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And male Americans born to billionaires seem to have higher than average odds of fathering sons.
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Somehow, female biology suppresses boy survival in the womb during tough times and boosts it when times are good.
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We've seen the same pattern in other mammals, too.
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When resources are scarce, mothers give birth to fewer males than normal.
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When resources are plentiful, they bear more.
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The best explanation we have for this has to do with sex, the other kind.
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In biological terms, the whole goal of copulation is to reproduce, to pass down your genes to someone who will someday pass them on again.
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Female offspring are almost guaranteed to reproduce, famine or no famine, because male mammals are pretty much always willing to mate.
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Males, on the other hand, have to compete for mating privileges.
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A well-nurtured hunk has a good chance of mating with lots of females, while a male weakened by famine might not score at all.
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So male offspring are a bigger risk in general.
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At all stages, they're more likely to die.
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And even if they live, they might not reproduce.
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But when times are good, boys' potential to father lots and lots of babies make them a biological risk worth taking.

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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Este vídeo tem 28 frases e 452 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 2:27. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 184 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. Apenas 78% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:

PalavraPronúnciaSignificado
famine substantivo/ˈfæm.ɪn/fome
odd adjetivo/ɑd/estranho, raro
ratio substantivo/ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/razão, rácio
biological adjetivo/ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/biológico
reproduce verbo/ˌɹi.pɹəˈdus/reproduzir
resource substantivo/ɹɪˈzɔːs/recurso, expediente
likelihood substantivo/ˈlaɪklihʊd/probabilidade
rig substantivo/ɹɪɡ/aparelhagem
offspring substantivo/ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/descendência
womb substantivo/wuːm/útero, matriz
fetus substantivo/ˈfiːtəs/feto
relative substantivo/ˈɹɛl.ə.tɪv/parente, parenta
suffer verbo/ˈsʌfɚ/sofrer
explanation substantivo/ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/explicação, explanação
guarantee substantivo/ˌɡæɹ.ənˈtiː/garantia

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

PalavraSignificado
grow up verbocrescer

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

O falante usa 4 contrações e formas reduzidas, como aren't, doesn't, they're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.

  • Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: ratio /ˈɹeɪ.ʃoʊ/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, conception /kənˈsɛpʃən/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/
  • Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, explanation /ˌɛkspləˈneɪʃən/, biology /baɪˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, chromosomal /ˌkɹoʊməˈsoʊməl/, copulation /kɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/

Como praticar com este vídeo

  1. Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
  2. Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
  3. Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como famine, odd, ratio.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →