Pratique du Shadowing: The Best Dragon (According to Science) - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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35 phrases
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Hi, this is Julián from MinuteEarth.
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Dragons don't exist - but if they did – which would be pretty cool – they'd need to conform to Earth's biological and physical rules.
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So we figured we'd make a fun video about which of these famous fantasy dragons would have the best shot at being more than just fantasy.
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To rank these dragons’ believability, we’ll start with the most egregiously unnatural characteristics of dragons and move up from there.
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Look, obviously dragons breathe fire, but we looked into it and the only thing that even comes close to that in nature is the bombardier beetle, which fires boiling hot liquid from its butt to burn its enemies – not exactly fire breathing.
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So let’s just move on to limbs.
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Most Western depictions of dragons, like on the Welsh flag, have four legs and two wings for a total of six limbs.
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But all bony creatures on Earth evolved from a four-limbed fish whose body is the blueprint for every other bony creature … including a hypothetical dragon, clearly a bony creature.
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This would make it very unlikely for a six-limbed dragon to evolve on Earth.
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That’s why some fantasy writers, filmmakers, and game designers have used real bats, birds, and pterosaurs as models for their four-limbed dragons.
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So we’re placing all these six-limbed dragons in the bottom tier, including the Smaug from the theatrical release of the first Hobbit film.
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The Smaug from the second film, however, gets to move on, since the filmmakers removed his front legs, not because they particularly cared about Earth’s evolutionary history, but because they thought it would make for a more expressive performance.
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A wingless four-legged dragon would be accurate too, but without magical flight like Eastern depictions of dragons, that’s basically just a lizard.
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So, let’s talk about wings: animals need them in order to fly, which means they need big chest muscles to flap their wings, which means they need a tall ridge on their specially modified sternums called a “keel” for the muscles to attach to.
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A dragon without a keel couldn’t have the muscles needed to power fast enough flight to keep its massive body in the air.
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That means it’s the end of the line for these smooth-chested beauties.
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But a keel alone is not enough to fly; any creature that wants to fly also needs the right combination of weight, wing size, and flight speed.
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The more a creature weights, the bigger its wings need to be or the faster it needs to fly to generate the necessary lift to keep it afloat.
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For example, penguins, which do have a keel, could actually fly despite their comically narrow wings, but they would have to go nearly as fast as a commercial airliner and deal with ludicrous forces on their wings.
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The Quetzalcoatlus pterosaur, thought to be the largest flying animal to have ever existed, had a 12 meter wingspan, which kept its 250 kilograms aloft at a reasonable 80 Km/h speed.
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Naturally, we painstakingly calculated the weights and wing sizes of all our remaining dragon contenders and found they all had wings too small for their weight, meaning they’d need to fly at ridiculously fast speeds in order to sustain flight and the forces involved would destroy any flesh and bone based wings.
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Wait, so NOBODY wins?
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Well … among our remaining candidates, the most realistic has to be the one with the biggest wings in relation to their weight.
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And the winner is: the Hungarian Horntail from Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.
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It has four limbs, a keel to hold its muscles, and the biggest wings in relation to its weight.
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Now, whether or not you could ride it … we could get into that, but we don’t want this video to drag-on.
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Did someone just make a claw-some pun?!
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Hey Matt! What brings you over to MinuteEarth from the Extra Credits side of the internet?
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Well Julián, you got me thinking… if the existence of these fantastical beasts are scientifically improbable at best… then how did tons of cultures around the world each come up with Dragons myths before every having contact with one another?
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Good question!
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Say, you wouldn’t happen to… oh I don’t know… have any idea where one could find a youtube video discussing that very topic would you?
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You know, I just might!
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If you’re fired up about dragons like I am, then come fly by the Extra Mythology campfire, where we’ll talk all about the Dragon myths of various cultures, human psychology, dinosaurs, and even the politics of Dragons!
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Political dragons eh?
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Hope they can let “Bagons be Bagons”… Did we just become best friends?
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette vidéo contient 35 phrases et 785 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:02. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 194 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. Seuls 75 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| dragon nom | /ˈdɹæɡən/ | dragon |
| limb nom | /lɪm/ | membre, extrémité |
| muscle nom | /ˈmʌs.əl/ | muscle |
| relation nom | /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ | relation |
| breathe verbe | /bɹiːð/ | respirer, inspirer |
| myth nom | /mɪθ/ | mythe |
| evolve verbe | /ɪˈvɑlv/ | élaborer |
| filmmaker nom | cinéaste | |
| topic nom | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | sujet, thème |
| naturally adverbe | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | naturellement |
| bone nom | /boʊn/ | os |
| rank nom | /ˈɹæŋk/ | rangée |
| designer nom | /dɪˈzaɪnɚ/ | designer, styliste |
| smooth adjectif | /smuːð/ | doux, facile |
| liquid nom | /ˈlɪk.wɪd/ | liquide |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| come up with verbe | inventer, imaginer |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 12 contractions et formes réduites, comme don't, they'd, we'll. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: breathe /bɹiːð/, myth /mɪθ/, smooth /smuːð/, theatrical /θiˈætɹɪkəl/, hypothetical /ˌhaɪpəˈθɛtɪkəl/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: relation /ɹɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, flesh /flɛʃ/, specially /ˈspɛʃəli/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/, depiction /dɪˈpɪkʃən/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, biological /ˌbaɪ.əˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪ.kəl/, psychology /saɪˈkɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/, characteristic /ˌkæɹ(ə)ktəˈɹɪstɪk/, evolutionary /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme dragon, limb, muscle.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.