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Do you smell that?

I think something's rotten.

In the state of Denmark!

Welcome to Piper's Paraphrases.

I'm Professor Pipes, and in case you couldn't tell, I'm here to talk about Shakespeare's classic tragedy, Hamlet.

Specifically, Act 1.

So get ready for a ghost story.

Let's start by talking about the players.

First we have the titular

Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.

He's the son of King Hamlet, who is now dead and a ghost.

Hamlet is extremely thoughtful.

Not so much in the buys you flowers just because kind of way,

and more so in the should I avenge my father's death and should I even exist kind of way.

He took that think -before -you -act advice maybe a bit too seriously.

Hamlet's mom is Gertrude, Queen of Denmark.

Though she seems nice and protective, to be honest, she's mostly just a plot point, existing to provide motive.

Speaking of motive, Claudius is the Motivated.

He's Ghost Hamlet's brother and murderer, which makes him main character

Hamlet's uncle and stepdad.

That's right, Claudius moved in on Gertrude quickly after her husband's death, so he's now

King of Denmark.

Claudius' main advisor is Polonius.

He's basically one part pompous and one part conniving.

He's the kind of old man to say things like, back in my day, without a shred of irony,

and then give some unsolicited advice that he himself wouldn't follow.

Polonius' son is Laertes, who eventually serves as a bit of a foil to Hamlet, and his daughter is Ophelia,

who happens to be Hamlet's sweet and innocent love interest.

Horatio is Hamlet's wise, kind, and loyal friend.

Kinda boring, but a good guy!

Hamlet also has a couple of old school friends named Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, but we'll learn about them later.

Lastly, Fortinbras is the Prince of Norway, and like Hamlet, he also has a dead dad who shares his name.

So we've got two Hamlets and two Fortinbras.

What, did you run out of names, Shakespeare?

Scene 1 begins at midnight with a changing of the guard.

Horatio and some guards talk about a thing that has been seen twice already.

But Horatio is skeptical.

Just as one of the guards tries to convince him of what he saw, it arrives.

The ghost of King Hamlet, dressed in armor.

The other guards encourage Horatio to talk to the ghost, but as soon as he asks, What are you?

The ghost disappears.

Spooky.

The guards start wondering what the apparition could mean, and also why the castle seems to be preparing for war.

Luckily, Horatio has answers for both he states that

King Hamlet was wearing that armor when he killed

King Fortinbras, the King of Norway, thus obtaining his lands.

Unfortunately, Fortinbras's son, the new Fortinbras,

has gathered his own army and plans to attack Denmark in order to avenge his father's death and win back the land.

Horatio wonders if the ghost's appearance is a warning about upcoming war, much like all the omens before Julius Caesar's death.

Easter egg of another Shakespeare play.

Just then, the ghost reappears, and Horatio asks why it has come.

Before it can answer, a rooster crows, and the ghost disappears again.

Clearly not a fan of chickens.

The scene ends at dawn, as Horatio plans to tell the alive

Hamlet what they saw.

In scene two, we're introduced to most of the cast, as Claudius, Gertrude, Hamlet, Polonius, Ophelia, and Laertes enter.

Claudius is explaining why he and Gertrude got married so quickly after

King Hamlet's death.

The country needed to seem strong, not sad, since Fortinbras is planning to attack. So romantic.

He then sends a couple of ambassadors to Norway with a note to Fortinbras' uncle, encouraging him to stop his nephew.

Laertes asks Claudius for permission to return to France, and he consents.

Claudius then points out that

Hamlet's appearance seems sad and cloudy.

To which Hamlet replies that he's actually too much in the sun.

Get it?

Because he's now

Hamlet's and Claudius' son?

Anyway, Claudius and Gertrude tell

Hamlet that he should stop looking so sad.

After all, all that lives must die.

Claudius even tells

Hamlet that his grief makes him seem weak and stupid.

Hmm, that's a weird way to say I'm sorry for your loss.

Gertrude asks Hamlet not to return to school and he agrees, so everybody heads off except Hamlet.

And in case you were wondering just how sad

Hamlet is, he gives a speech saying that his father's death

and his mother's remarriage have made him wish he could kill himself.

But it goes against his religion.

Horatio and crew then arrive, and Hamlet mentions he'll never see a man as good as his father again.

Which is a perfect segue for Horatio to tell him that maybe he will, since Horatio saw his ghost last night.

Hamlet vows to meet Horatio tonight so he can speak with the ghost.

Scene 3 gives us some sibling time with Laertes and Ophelia, saying goodbye before Laertes heads back to Paris.

Laertes offers his sister some advice about Hamlet, saying that the prince is immature, and his affection for her won't last long.

Good advice, but still, rude.

Laertes reminds her that, as a prince, Hamlet will have to marry someone who will be good for the kingdom.

Therefore, she'd better be afraid, be very afraid, and reject his advances to protect her honor.

Polonius comes in and gives Laertes a bunch of advice about how precisely and carefully he should behave in every possible situation.

What to do, what not to do, how he should spend his time and money,

before concluding with a reminder to just be himself as long as himself is exactly who his father wants him to be.

When Laertes leaves, Polonius gives his daughter a long lecture about how stupid she is for believing

Hamlet's words of love.

Aw, father of the year.

Like lots of parents, Polonius warns Ophelia that

Hamlet only wants one thing, so she'd better stay away from him.

And like the good daughter that she is, Ophelia agrees, but likely doesn't want to.

For scene four, we fast forward to just after midnight, night, and Hamlet has joined Horatio and the guard Marcellus in hopes of seeing the ghost.

When some trumpets sound, Hamlet comments that

King Claudius must be drinking again and is clearly annoyed by such partying.

Whoops.

100

Since it gives the country a bad reputation as a bunch of drunks.

101

Just then, the ghost arrives.

102

Hamlet immediately recognizes it as his father and asks why it has come.

103

Instead of answering, the ghost beckons him to follow.

104

And despite his friend's warnings and literal attempts to hold him back, Hamlet follows.

105

Marcellus and Horatio decide to go after him.

106

Yeah, let's all follow a ghost into the dark in the middle of the night.

107

What could go wrong?

108

In scene 5, once they're alone, the ghost tells

109

Hamlet to AVENGE MEEEEEE!

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And Hamlet agrees before he even hears the story.

111

Here it is anyways.

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The whole country has heard that a snake bit old

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King Hamlet, and that's what killed him.

114

Revenge on a snake?

115

Oh, actually the snake is Claudius.

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He seduced Gertrude, and when King Hamlet was sleeping in an orchard, as one does, Claudius poured poison in his ear,

117

killing him and sending him to purgatory, where he now lives.

118

Well, unlives?

119

He again tells

120

Hamlet to seek revenge, but also to leave his mom out of it.

121

The ghost disappears, and Hamlet is big mad at both his mom and Claudius, and he vows to get revenge!

122

Horatio and Marcellus catch up to Hamlet, who makes them swear a bunch of times that they won't say anything about what they saw tonight.

123

And then he makes them swear some more, for good measure, because he keeps hearing the ghost of his father call out to swear.

124

He eventually tells them that, no matter how strangely he acts in the future, since he might need to act a bit crazy,

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they must not give any sort of clue to anyone that they know what happened tonight.

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And let's be real here, they really don't.

127

As Hamlet curses the fact that he now has to fix everything, Act 1 ends.

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Many of the themes and motifs revolve around the idea of appearance versus reality.

129

In fact, the idea of questioning our own reality comes up in the very first scene, when Horatio says of the ghost,

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I might not this believe without the sensible and true avouch of mine own eyes.

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This suggests that seeing is believing, but we all know that this isn't always the case.

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After all, both Laertes and Polonius warn Ophelia that she can't believe everything she sees and hears from Hamlet, since his affections are forward,

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not permanent, sweet, not lasting.

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And even though Ophelia says that

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Hamlet has always been honorable, Polonius says, do not believe his vows, since he might act all honorable and perfect,

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the better to beguile, and trick her into sleeping with him.

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Which is interesting, since Polonius' advice to Laertes is pretty much to do exactly what he faults

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Hamlet for doing.

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He tells Laertes to give every man thy ear, but few thy voice, meaning that he should listen to other people,

140

but not reveal his own opinions, thus making his appearance untrustworthy.

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He even tells Laertes how to dress, since the apparel oft proclaims the man.

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Polonius knows that people tend to believe what they see, so he wants Laertes to use this to his advantage.

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Ironically, he finishes up this advice with the oft -quoted, to thine own self be true.

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Great advice, but from a rather untrue source.

145

Along the lines of appearance versus reality, we've already started to see one of the main motifs of the play.

146

Performance.

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Not like the performance of the play, but rather the ways in which people are performative, acting, in their normal lives.

148

For instance, when talking about Hamlet's grief, Gertrude asks, why seems it so particular with thee?

149

To which Hamlet replies, seems, madam, nay it is.

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He continues, saying that anyone can put on the appearance of grief, wear the clothing, act sad,

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since these indeed seem, for they are actions that a man might play.

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Hamlet, on the other hand, has that within which passeth show, these but the trappings and the suits of woe.

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Meaning that his outward appearance is a true reflection of his grief, not an act.

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Ironically, in scene 5, Hamlet talks about his own performance,

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saying that he might have to put an antic disposition on or act mad in order to avenge his father.

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And that in itself should make the audience question

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Hamlet in the future.

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If he won't reveal when he's acting mad, how are we to know whether it's appearance or reality?

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In fact, while some interpretations of the play suggest he is mentally sound and he wears madness like a costume,

160

others suggest that his desire for revenge actually drives him to madness.

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In other words, we as the audience might not be able to trust his appearance.

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And to bring it full circle, how we view his mental state ultimately comes down to the actor's performance.

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Speaking of appearances, let's discuss the ghost.

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Obviously, we know that the Others can see it, so it is there.

165

We also know that it looks like

166

Old King Hamlet.

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But the characters question what exactly it is, even calling it a thing in Scene 1 rather than a ghost.

168

They also question why it is there and where it comes from, with Hamlet wondering, Be thou a spirit of health or goblin damned?

169

Bring with the heirs from heaven or blasts from hell?

170

Be thy intents wicked or charitable?

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However, Hamlet immediately decides to believe everything it says.

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Perhaps because it says exactly what he wants to hear, that Gertrude's relationship is incestuous and wrong, and that Claudius is evil.

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But we should keep in mind that

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Hamlet's the only one the ghost tells this to, since it disappears when Horatio and Marcellus arrive,

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and he's also the only one to see or interact with the ghost in all of scene 5.

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In fact, when the ghost keeps saying, swear.

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Hamlet is the only one to reference this, and when Hamlet continues to speak to the absent ghost, Horatio points out, oh, day and night,

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but this is wondrous strange.

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Is he talking about hearing the ghost or Hamlet's strange behavior?

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Ultimately, it's up to the performers.

181

And while they could choose to physically react to the ominous swear, they could also choose to ignore it,

182

making the audience further wonder what we should believe.

183

Another important theme is the complexity of morality.

184

Throughout the play, Hamlet often questions what is right, struggling against the morals he's been taught.

185

In fact, in his first appearance,

186

Hamlet is so overwhelmed by the death of his father and the incestuous behavior of his mother that he is contemplating suicide.

187

He wishes that he could just disappear or that the Everlasting had not fixed his canon against self -slaughter.

188

In other words, Hamlet says that the only thing stopping him is his religious belief that suicide is a mortal sin.

189

He continues to discuss religion when he talks to the ghost, and so does the ghost.

190

He says that the most horrible part of his murder is

191

that he was cut off even in the blossoms of my sin,

192

no reckoning made, but sent to my account with all my imperfections on my head.

193

In other words, he wasn't able to repent for his sins or receive last rites, which landed him in purgatory.

194

Despite this, the ghost urges

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Hamlet to sin by killing Claudius.

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Do two wrongs make a right?

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Hamlet has to decide which is the lesser of two evils, murder or failing to honor his father and avenge his death.

198

Clearly Fortinbras picked a side.

199

He's basically in the same boat as Hamlet,

200

and he immediately takes action to try to win back the lands his father lost when he was killed.

201

And Claudius uses Fortinbras and morality to justify his behavior, saying that marrying Gertrude so quickly was the right thing to do,

202

since Fortinpros is holding a weak supposal of our worth,

203

or thinking by our late dear brother's death our state to be disjoint and out of frame.

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We can't have him thinking our country is weak, or missing a ruler, so he had to marry Gertrude.

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Sure.

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As Marcellus says, something is rotten in the state of Denmark, and apparently Hamlet was born to set it right.

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Good luck with that.

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Finally, I can't leave without pointing out the pretty messed up beliefs related to gender.

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Of course we have the classic line from Claudius that

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Hamlet's grief is unmanly.

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Apparently men shouldn't care that their dad died.

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Right.

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And then with women, their honor is clearly tied to, well, their sex lives.

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Hamlet and Ghost Hamlet both refer to Gertrude's relationship with Claudius as incestuous, and to be honest, Hamlet kinda seems more mad at his mom than,

215

you know, the killer, saying, oh most pernicious woman, oh villain, villain, smiling, damned villain.

216

Meanwhile, Polonius and Laertes keep awkwardly talking about Ophelia's virginity.

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Laertes warns her not to listen to Hamlet, or else lose your heart, or your chaste treasure open, to his unmastered importunity.

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Polonius takes it further, saying that her behavior with Hamlet will tender me a fool.

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In other words, Ophelia's behavior would dishonor not only herself, but also her family.

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Oh, how times have.

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Not really changed.

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Before we finish

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Act 1, it's time for me to leave you with some food for thought.

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First, what is the significance of the ghost appearing in the very first scene?

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How does its appearance set the tone for the rest of the play?

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Second, both Hamlet and Claudius talk a lot about how Denmark is perceived by other countries.

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In what ways does this add to the conflict in the play, and how does it relate to the idea of appearance versus reality?

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Third, look back at Polonius' advice to his kids.

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How does this advice reflect Polonius' character and his views on honor, duty, and family?

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Fourth, what do you think is the purpose of Fortinbras?

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Why might Shakespeare have established this political turmoil?

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And or why does he give Fortinbras such a similar backstory to Hamlet's?

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Finally, where do you currently stand in terms of Hamlet's mental state?

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So far, what evidence suggests a mental break and what evidence opposes it?

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Thanks for watching this episode of Piper's Paraphrases.

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Now go forth, read a bunch, and be good people who don't kill their brothers.

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If this video was helpful, don't forget to like and subscribe, and check out the other videos in this series.

238

If there are any books that you might like covered in future episodes, leave a comment.

239

To see all the books and stories I've covered so far, plus some useful literary knowledge and teacher tips,

240

you can visit my website or find me on social media.

241

Links are right down there.

242

Thanks again from me and Cooper.

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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này

Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Hamlet Act 1 Scenes 1-5 Summary and Analysis: Piper's Paraphrases”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: Hamlet, ghost, Claudius, Horatio, Laertes. Video này có 242 câu và 2883 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 16:13. Người nói nói với tốc độ tự nhiên, khoảng 178 từ mỗi phút, gần với hội thoại hằng ngày. Chỉ 79% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.

Từ vựng quan trọng trong video

15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:

Từ	Phiên âm	Nghĩa
ghost danh từ	/ɡoʊst/	ma, ma quỉ
disappear động từ	/dɪsəˈpɪɹ/	biến mất
grief danh từ	/ɡɹiːf/	buồn, buồn rầu
arrive động từ	/əˈɹaɪv/	đến
revenge danh từ	/ɹəˈvɛnd͡ʒ/	sự trả thù
marry động từ	/ˈmæɹi/	cưới, lấy vợ
versus	/ˈvɝsəs/	đối, đối đầu
snake danh từ	/sneɪk/	rắn
warn động từ	/woɹn/	cảnh báo
villain danh từ	/ˈvɪl.ən/	kẻ tàn ác
vow danh từ	/vaʊ/	lời thề, lời nguyền
encourage động từ	/ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/	cổ vũ, khích lệ
uncle danh từ	/ˈʌŋ.kl̩/	bác, chú
reveal động từ	/ɹɪˈviːl/	để lộ, tiết lộ
midnight danh từ	/ˈmɪd(ˌ)naɪt/	nửa đêm, đêm

Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe

Từ	Nghĩa
check out động từ	tính tiền, trả phòng

Những câu đáng luyện lại

Các câu ngắn, trọn ý trong video mà bạn có thể dùng lại khi giao tiếp hằng ngày:

Do you smell that?
Let's start by talking about the players.
Speaking of appearances, let's discuss the ghost.

Ngữ pháp trong video

Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:

Cấu trúc	Trong video
Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại	has been seen · has gathered · has come
Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm	has been seen · been taught · was cut
Mệnh đề quan hệ who / which + mệnh đề — thêm thông tin về người hoặc vật	murderer, which makes · someone who will · people who don

Phát âm cần chú ý

Người nói dùng 29 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ can't, don't, I'm. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.

Âm “th”: clothing /ˈkloʊðɪŋ/, gather /ˈɡæðɚ/, thoughtful /ˈθɔːtfəl/
Âm “sh” và “zh”: affection /əˈfɛk.ʃən/, reputation /ˌɹɛpjʊˈteɪʃən/, interpretation /ɪnˌtɜːpɹəˈteɪʃən/, reflection /ɹɪˈflɛkʃən/, treasure /ˈtɹɛʒəɹ/
Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: morality /məˈɹælɪti/, ironically /aɪˈɹɑnɪkli/, reputation /ˌɹɛpjʊˈteɪʃən/, ambassador /æmˈbæs.ə.dɚ/, literary /ˈlɪt.(ə.)ɹə.ɹi/

Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:

Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: ghost /ɡoʊst/, revenge /ɹəˈvɛnd͡ʒ/, warn /woɹn/, innocent /ˈɪnəsənt/, reflect /ɹɪˈflɛkt/
Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: revenge /ɹəˈvɛnd͡ʒ/, encourage /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/, treasure /ˈtɹɛʒəɹ/, justify /ˈd͡ʒʌstɪfaɪ/, lecture /ˈlɛk.t͡ʃə/
Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: marry /ˈmæɹi/, madness /ˈmæd.nəs/, morality /məˈɹælɪti/, romantic /ɹoʊˈmæn(t)ɪk/, ambassador /æmˈbæs.ə.dɚ/

Cách luyện với video này

Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như ghost, disappear, grief.

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Phương pháp shadowing: đọc hướng dẫn từng bước đầy đủ →

Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Hamlet Act 1 Scenes 1-5 Summary and Analysis: Piper's Paraphrases

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