Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Human Immortality 4K | Can Science Defeat Aging?

This is what the road to human immortality looks like.

To battle aging, people receive customized fountain of youth treatments,

DNA repair, cellular rejuvenation, or even organ replacement.

The realistic prospect of healthy eternal life is fundamentally reshaping society.

Ooh, this I want to try.

Today, scientists are blazing a trail to this very future.

We are at war with death.

I want to know what breakthroughs are being made.

We can build an organ that matches your body.

This cocktail seems to reverse aging.

That will forge the future to... So complex.

...human immortality.

The End My name is Maren Hunsberger.

I'm a microbiologist, and I'm fascinated by how the future inspires the progress of science and technology.

But I'm critical of sensational science headlines that promise immortality.

Still, all these stories have prompted me to ask, how quickly am I aging?

To find out, I recently took a blood test.

I mailed it off, and now the results have just come in.

I, in like, real life am 26, and we're about to see what this biological aging test says I am.

So, my biological age, according to this test, is 40.

Learning my body has aged 14 years faster than expected is not the result I was hoping for, but it makes sense.

My life partner was recently diagnosed with cancer, and I guess that stress has clearly taken a toll.

While I have some doubts about the accuracy of this particular test, I am concerned that stress could further affect my health in the future.

So I want to find out, is it scientifically possible to slow or even stop the aging process altogether?

If so, what will our lives be like in the future?

Well, we're in Vegas.

To find out, I'm attending Radfest, where a group of experts are gathering to put an end to old age.

This event bills itself as the Woodstock of radical life extension.

We want to train a mass movement to save lives.

I'm immediately struck by the extremely bold claims of healing and even immortality.

We're immortals.

We're into immortality.

That's what we're about.

I'm doing really good and life is great, and I want to keep on going.

So what do you think?

Festival director James Stroll calls himself an anti-death activist.

I want to live indefinite lifespans.

That's what I'm after.

I want to live forever.

That's my goal, okay?

I personally think it's better to go for it and lose than not try at all, right?

Sure.

What perceptions about aging and death in the public are you hoping to change?

Like what would you want people to take away from it?

Most people are pretty much, I'll use the term, programmed that death is inevitable.

And we want to change that paradigm.

We see aging as a disease, a curable disease.

And we're at war with death.

The idea that aging might be cured like a disease is relatively new.

But this yearning for eternal youth goes back thousands of years.

Cleopatra supposedly bathed in sour donkey's milk to make her skin appear more youthful.

And since then, people have tried using everything from raw meat to guinea pig testicles

and even menstrual blood to combat the aging process.

Blood appears to be a recurring theme in this quest for immortality.

Some ultra-wealthy patients are trying a controversial new therapy.

receiving transfusions of blood products taken from teenagers in the hopes of rewinding their biological clocks.

So far, this process has yielded no measurable benefits.

There are dozens of therapies available at the Radfest Marketplace.

I'm wondering, are there claims based on sound science?

Ooh, this I want to try.

This procedure claims to boost a person's energy at the cellular level while reducing stress and anxiety.

How does the red light rejuvenate my mitochondria?

A lot of the research looks at decreasing the inflammation, improving the blood flow.

This treatment is supposed to boost the immune system.

These machines are hydrogen inhalation devices.

What's the hydrogen supposed to do?

It's basically a master antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

This device promises to relieve pain throughout the entire body.

This is the Abyssin.

Uh-huh.

What this does is it infuses heat throughout your circulatory system.

Just by delivering heat to my hand?

Yes.

And they also have done research in the diabetes arena, cardiovascular, and also autism.

Mmm.

The spiel that they have contains a lot of scientific words peppered in there, which are legitimate scientific words that refer to a real phenomenon.

And it plays into this idea that anything that sounds science-y is true and that you should believe it and trust it.

But that does not mean that their product is going to make you live longer.

Though I'm sympathetic to the anti-aging cause for very personal reasons, from a scientific point of view,

I don't think the remedies on display here will lead us down the path toward immortality in the future.

To find a more realistic path, I'm at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to meet a pioneer in longevity research, Dr. Leonard Guarente.

He's taking on a big problem that most everyone will eventually face.

As you get older, you lose muscle mass and you gain fat mass.

Okay.

And both of those things are bad.

Sure.

Lenny is a firm believer in the power of exercise to keep our bodies healthier for longer.

By impacting aging, you can not only improve health, but help mitigate diseases.

At his cutting-edge lab, his team identified the first longevity gene.

And this breakthrough opened the door to the possibility that we might one day control the aging process in living organisms.

I think the best-case scenario is attempting, really, to maintain what we call health span.

If people live healthier lives for as long as possible

and really compress morbidity to a very short period at the end of life, that's my goal.

Instead of slowly declining in our 60s, plagued by things like heart disease,

dementia, and cancer, Lenny thinks we could live until 90 and then make a fast and relatively peaceful decline into death.

To make this a reality, Lenny is combating the aging process at the cellular level.

So I'd love to walk through the molecular, cellular basis of aging and what's happening in our cells as we age.

Okay.

Let me draw a cell.

100

Okay.

101

So there's the cell, mitochondria.

102

They produce the energy.

103

This will be the nucleus here.

104

Okay.

105

Chromosome, DNA.

106

DNA contains all of the information for maintaining cells and building new ones, and those cells are busy dividing.

107

But here's the problem for achieving immortality.

108

Cells have a kind of internal time limit.

109

After about 50 replications, they can't divide anymore.

110

This roadblock is known as the Hayflick Limit.

111

On top of that, as a person's cells divide, they also accumulate damage and release toxic waste byproducts.

112

As these toxins build up over time, the affected cells gradually lose their ability to function.

113

This is the aging process at cellular level.

114

That's the important thing about living critters is we do have things break down, but we also have the ability to repair damage.

115

Sure.

116

In principle, the goal would be to boost the ability to repair the damage.

117

To capitalize on this process of regeneration, Lenny and his team targeted a gene in live roundworms called SIR2.

118

SIR2 genes create proteins called sirtuins.

119

These sirtuins coordinate the cell's response to stress, including repairing DNA damage, which can slow the aging process.

120

Oh my gosh.

121

They're alive.

122

Oh yeah, they're moving around.

123

They look like little threads.

124

So we first looked at the roundworms, and we found that, yes, the worm's SIR2 gene was involved in aging.

125

And so by extension, then, we think this is going to be true universally,

126

and there's tremendous amount of evidence now that shows that these sirtuins regulate aging.

127

By inserting extra copies of the SIR2 gene into the worm,

128

Lenny and his colleagues can interrupt the aging process and increase the lifespan of a worm by 50%.

129

That's the equivalent of increasing the global average human lifespan from 72 to 108.

130

What we know about zirtuins is that we can intervene and make people healthy for a decade longer than they are now.

131

Lenny has found a fascinating connection between these genes and the body's natural survival mechanisms.

132

And it upturns many of our assumptions.

133

Studies of mice and rhesus monkeys suggest that the production of sirtuins increases in times of stress, including when food is scarce.

134

Animals on a very low-calorie diet age more slowly.

135

That's so insane to me.

136

That means you can identify compounds that increase the activity of sirtuins that mimic what calorie restriction would normally do.

137

Right, so you don't actually have to calorie restrict.

138

This process gives all the health benefits of a low-calorie diet without going hungry.

139

Lenny wants to apply this discovery to everyone.

140

He is now testing a new dietary supplement to increase the activity of sirtuins in humans.

141

So that's one of those rare moments where in an instant you have something that you know is going to be big.

142

That was kind of, I believe, was the aha moment.

143

That's really the only time I've ever experienced something like that.

144

Wow.

145

By pushing the limits at the cellular level, Leni's research could forge a future path toward human mortality.

146

In the future, a high-tech procedure optimizes health spans.

147

The treatment stimulates longevity genes and mimics full-body calorie restriction.

148

This regular toxin cleanse and cellular rejuvenation extends lifelong health to averages well past 125.

149

Even if scientists can slow aging like this, how will it actually feel physically to grow this old?

150

Over at the MIT Age Lab, Samantha Brady is exploring the impact of extended longevity on the function of the human body.

151

We are in this unprecedented time of longevity.

152

Back in the 1900s, average lifespan for people was about late 40s.

153

Seriously?

154

So that's crazy to think about.

155

I did not know that.

156

Everyone is living longer lives thanks to advances like greater access to clean water, antibiotics, and vaccines.

157

Now we have about a 30-year bonus.

158

But it's not all rosy.

159

Sam helped develop a suit that, well, simulates what my body might feel like at upwards of 70.

160

So we're going to start with this weighted vest.

161

This is one of the pieces that's gonna help simulate what muscle loss.

162

Okay, okay?

163

We'll just strap you in This suit mimics the shortening of our ligaments.

164

Oh my god, they're heavy

165

Spinal compression and the loss of balance that occurs as the years go by pop the goggles on

166

It also simulates loss of vision and hearing you are now Agnes Transformation complete.

167

I definitely feel like a different person.

168

I I always imagine myself enjoying my life as I get older.

169

Give it a shot.

170

That's about as far as I can go.

171

But it's pretty hard to do anything in this suit.

172

Whoa.

173

Yeah, that's rough.

174

I can get my knees a couple of inches off the floor and that's it.

175

Now, I'm worried that as I age, I won't be able to do the things I love anymore.

176

So it looks like this is pretty tiring already with just a couple moves that you did.

177

And I keep thinking about the results from my biological aging tests,

178

which mean this could be a reality for me sooner than expected.

179

It's actually pretty terrifying.

180

I can't wait till I can take it off and then imagining like, there are some people who can't take it off.

181

This is clearly not how people want to feel when they are 100, 150, or ever.

182

The decline of muscles and the skeletal system is just the tip of the iceberg.

183

As cells stop dividing, they accumulate damage, which ultimately can cause tissue and organs to fail.

184

In the heart, this means valves and the muscle itself can become thicker and stiffen, reducing blood flow.

185

Incredibly, heart disease is actually the number one cause of death around the world.

186

And to combat organ failure like this, scientists are working around the clock to find unique solutions.

187

I'm in Houston, Texas, to meet a scientist who could revolutionize the way we source organs for transplants.

188

She's often been called the Dr. Frankenstein of this area, and so I am bringing her a little gift.

189

Dr. Doris Taylor is growing hearts in the lab.

190

And she's closer than ever to making lab-grown organ transplants for humans a reality.

191

I have a gift for you.

192

I don't normally get a heart as a gift.

193

How cool is that?

194

We call these our ghost hearts.

195

Ghost hearts?

196

It's amazing to see the engineered organs up close.

197

This is a rabbit heart, and it's about the size of a pediatric newborn human heart.

198

Wow.

199

Doris, can you tell me how you got into a field like this?

200

I wanted to make a difference in the world.

201

My twin brother was sick his entire life, and then when I was six, my dad died.

202

It motivates me when I think about that

203

feeling of helplessness to want to make a difference in the lives of people with disease.

204

Because people are living longer with heart disease, many people develop heart failure.

205

The only definitive cure for heart failure is a heart transplant.

206

Every 10 minutes, a new person goes on the organ transplant waiting list.

207

So clearly, people don't get the organs they need.

208

We can change that.

209

We can build an organ that matches your body.

210

and you can live longer and live healthier.

211

The first step Doris takes in building a new heart is to strip the tissue

212

and cells from an animal heart using a wash of detergents.

213

What remains is effectively the protein scaffolding of a heart.

214

If you look at this, this is the pig heart that we've washed all the blood out of.

215

It's so complex.

216

It's so...

217

It's beautiful.

218

It is, it is.

219

It's beautiful.

220

It's humbling.

221

You're holding an organ.

222

The next step is to grow a new human heart on top of this animal scaffolding.

223

Doris does this by re-cellularizing the organ with human stem cells.

224

Stem cells are cells that are found in every organ or tissue.

225

We all have stem cells.

226

They're cells that respond to their environment and become like the cells that surround them.

227

Certain types of stem cells can transform into any kind of cell, from blood to liver to heart.

228

Key to the process, these stem cells replicate much more than regular cells.

229

This allows them to grow and cover the heart scaffolding very quickly.

230

This is one of the rabbit hearts that we've put cells in.

231

Oh my gosh, it's in there.

232

You can see that we're getting electrical activity here from...

233

So this is like an EKG for that heart. In there.

234

The EKG machine, or electrocardiogram, measures the electrical activity of a beating heart.

235

So one thing is clear, it's alive.

236

I can see it moving.

237

Doris believes that her technique for building implantable hearts could be used to grow other organs as well.

238

I truly believe if we can go to Mars, we're going to Mars in the lab.

239

We got the rocket ship, the scaffold.

240

We put the astronauts on board, the cells.

241

And now we just got to prove it safe.

242

You guys are getting there.

243

Yeah.

244

And within a decade, she thinks she'll be able to surgically implant lab-grown organs like these for people in need.

245

I find this hugely moving.

246

I had a patient say, you're not building organs, you're building hope.

247

This is a path to the future I think we can all hope for.

248

In the future, body part farms exist in most hospitals on Earth.

249

Organs and limbs can be 3D printed to order,

250

but for emergencies, prefabricated organs are available in all blood types and body sizes.

251

With the assistance of robotic surgeons, body parts can be replaced in under 8 minutes.

252

Severe accidents and injuries are no longer fatal.

253

In my quest to unravel the mystery of the aging process, I'm finding that, like me, many scientists are doing this for personal reasons.

254

Earlier this year, my partner was diagnosed with Burkitt's lymphoma, and it's the fastest growing human cancer.

255

We just had to think

256

so much more about the end of our lives in a way

257

that you don't have to usually until you're well into the later part of your life.

258

To find a pathway that will lead us toward longer and healthier lives, researchers are going deep into the jungle and to the bottom of the ocean.

259

There scientists have found that bowhead whales and Greenland sharks can live well over 200 years,

260

while killer whales live no more than 50.

261

makes some creatures live longer than others.

262

To find out, I'm at an aquarium in Las Vegas to talk with the legendary gerontologist Aubrey de Grey about another long-lived sea creature,

263

the lobster.

264

The big thing that's special about lobsters is that they live a really long time.

265

There are now reports of lobsters having lived longer than any human has lived, which is 122 years.

266

Incredibly, this crustacean doesn't age.

267

At least, not in the way humans do.

268

The other thing that lobsters have, the really big thing they have, is they grow and grow and grow as long as they live.

269

Unlike humans, a lobster's cells never stop dividing, so this creature never stops growing.

270

They may die due to predation or disease, but not old age.

271

Why does the lobster live so long?

272

The answer can be found in something called telomeres.

273

Humans also have telomeres.

274

Telomeres are repeating sequences of DNA at the ends of chromosomes.

275

If chromosomes were shoelaces, then telomeres would be the little protective caps at the tips.

276

These caps Cells protect DNA during cell division.

277

But as our cells divide throughout our lifetime, these telomeres gradually shorten.

278

When the telomeres become too short, the cell stops dividing and eventually dies.

279

However, there is an enzyme called telomerase that helps maintain these protective caps.

280

Incredibly, lobster telomeres do not appear to get shorter over time.

281

Many believe this protective enzyme is the secret to their long lifespan.

282

Scientists are currently devising telomerase treatments to try and produce the same life-extending effect in humans.

283

What do you think a child born today, how long could they possibly live?

284

So really there is no limit to how long someone can live.

285

Aubrey tells me that a child born today could benefit from constant scientific breakthroughs.

286

A treatment at 80 years old might allow them to live to 130, and future treatments could allow them to extend their lives, potentially, for forever.

287

That means that the only limit to longevity is causes of death

288

that do not have to do with how long ago one was born, you know, being hit by trucks.

289

Bolstering telomeres isn't the only way to extend human life at the cellular level.

290

In his lab in California, Aubrey is advancing the science of anti-aging in another area.

291

He believes that a lot of the problems associated with aging happen when cells become what's called senescent.

292

They don't divide anymore, but they don't go away either.

293

Some people call them zombie cells, you know, essentially undead.

294

They're secreting nasty chemicals that are toxic to their neighbors and so on, but they're not dying.

295

So one of the most key developments in your opinion, you think, is in essence, getting cells to be better at taking their own trash out.

296

Oh yeah.

297

Using gene therapies, Aubrey believes removing these zombie-like senescent cells will radically extend our lives.

298

It turns out that we were able to exploit some really great technology that was developed for a completely different reason, the technology of what's called bioremediation,

299

which is used in environmental decontamination.

300

To clean up pollutants.

301

That's right.

302

They eat up the oil or the chemical or whatever it may be.

303

So we do the same thing.

304

We identify bacteria that are able to break down the thing that we're interested in.

305

We identify the genes that they have that allow them to have this capacity.

306

And we put those genes into our own cells.

307

By inserting these new bacterial genes, our bodies might be able to eliminate these zombie senescent cells.

308

Most people didn't take me seriously at all at first.

309

Interesting.

310

But now this is a totally mainstream idea.

311

While some remain skeptical of Aubrey's approach, a handful of biotech companies are also taking aim at senescent cells.

312

I've never thought of aging and death as anything but inevitable, so to think of that not happening,

313

I think really upends my world view.

314

In the future, a revolutionary new treatment to destroy zombie cells is extending human life across the planet.

315

While resting in an oxygen-filled chamber, individuals are injected with thousands of miniature robots smaller than red blood cells.

316

This army of nanobots scour the body to hunt down and destroy every last toxic senescent cell.

317

One treatment every year starting at age 20 extends most human lives by 50%.

318

Living to 200 years of age or more may seem like science fiction,

319

and the big challenge in making it science fact lies in getting these practices to work not just in lab animals, but in humans.

320

In Indiana, one community has already made steps toward hacking the aging code without even knowing it.

321

Dr. Doug Vaughan of Northwestern University has identified a unique and isolated group of people,

322

many of whom are living dramatically longer than average lives.

323

And it's not who you might expect.

324

There is a large, old order Amish community here that settled this region in the early 1800s.

325

From Switzerland, right?

326

From Switzerland, yeah.

327

They're living a lifestyle that's very, very homogenous.

328

The Amish avoid modern technology and farm using the same traditional tools as their ancestors.

329

We brought 200 members of the community into this center and over two days extensively studied them.

330

Did all kinds of things to measure their biological age as opposed to their chronological age.

331

Took blood samples, measured their blood pressure, measured their telomere length.

332

For Doug, the results are astonishing.

333

At multiple levels it looks like some are protected from aging.

334

Their telomeres are longer, about 10% longer.

335

They also have a more juvenile cardiovascular system.

336

They're completely protected from diabetes, which is rather remarkable.

337

That might have been the most striking finding in our studies

338

because insulin is thought to be a driver of aging and aging-like pathologies.

339

What is their secret to a long life?

340

Is it family history?

341

The Amish lifestyle?

342

One member of the Amish community, Neville, has agreed to talk to me.

343

But for cultural reasons, he's asked that we don't show his face.

344

So it seems peaceful too, restful.

345

Yeah, it does get stressful some days, trust me.

346

This is my horse.

347

Her name is Bee.

348

Hi Bee.

349

And she's our source of transportation.

350

His family's lifespans are especially impressive when measured up to the average global lifespan, which is 72.

351

I understand you had some long-lived family members back in your family tree.

352

Who were they?

353

One was my great-grandfather.

354

He lived to be 92 years old.

355

Wow.

356

And my grandmother lived to be 86.

357

Wow.

358

My great-grandfather had some brothers that lived to be over 100.

359

Wow.

360

Yeah.

361

I can only wonder why this is the case.

362

Can you tell me a little more about your lifestyle?

363

We like to keep it simple, We try to be as self-sufficient as possible, try to raise our own food from the garden.

364

We're just people like you are, you know, so I kind of think that it just depends on what cards get dealt to your hand.

365

And it turns out Neville is right.

366

Some in this community have won the genetic lottery.

367

Doug's research is revealing what that is.

368

Good afternoon, I'm Dr. Vaughn.

369

The first clues to the Amish community's longevity recently surfaced when a member with a particular blood disorder visited a modern clinic.

370

Do you have any family members that have that bleeding problem that's present in some of the community around here?

371

My dad, I think he's a carrier, but none of us is a bleeder.

372

This bleeding disorder is the result of a genetic variation that isn't found anywhere else in the world.

373

The original founder of the mutation married into the community in the early 1800s.

374

We had 15 children and 148 grandchildren in the mid-1800s.

375

Do the math.

376

The genetic variation in this Amish community occurs in a particular gene that creates a protein called Pi-1.

377

Among other things, the Pi-1 protein controls the body's senescent, or zombie, cells.

378

Doug's research reveals that those in the community with a single copy of the gene mutation

379

produce more Pi-1 proteins than those with the bleeding disorder, but less than the general population.

380

And they live dramatically longer lives.

381

Why?

382

It turns out it's all about balance.

383

Pi-1 contributes to a variety of different disease processes.

384

It's not good to have a lot of Pi-1.

385

It's not good to have no Pi-1.

386

It's good to be in the Goldilocks zone and have somewhere in the middle.

387

Doug wants to hack the aging code by developing medication that essentially mimics this mutation and regulates the PI1 protein.

388

I have a collaborator now in Japan, and after screening a library of over 3 million compounds,

389

they came up with a group of chemicals that looked like they might be candidates as PI1 inhibitors.

390

We've used it in a variety of experimental studies around the world.

391

It has remarkable effects in terms of insulin resistance, even impacting on the development of arteriosclerosis or vascular stiffening, if you will.

392

I came into this whole adventure being pretty skeptical about a lot of it,

393

but I think digging deeper into the biology has made me feel that we're at the beginnings of something really big here.

394

Exactly.

395

It's a lucky finding.

396

I'd never have imagined that a self-isolated community's genetic variation would upend the way scientists think about everyone's lifespan lifespans.

397

Blazing a trail to immortality seems more plausible than I ever imagined.

398

In the future, most babies are conceived through in vitro fertilization, where it's possible to slow the aging process before birth.

399

First, parents choose from a menu of longevity genes, including the Amish variant.

400

Technicians then customize and engineer the egg's DNA before fertilization.

401

Through this medically regulated conception, newborns can expect to live 200 healthy years or more.

402

While this kind of future seems appealing, what might a healthy multicentenarian actually look like?

403

To get a clearer picture of this future, I'm in Los Angeles to meet Lillian Solomon.

404

She just celebrated her 100th birthday, and by all accounts, she is the living embodiment of what all these scientists aim to achieve.

405

She is healthy, active, and alert.

406

She is a bowling champion and even has a new boyfriend.

407

I brought you a little cake for us to all share.

408

Oh, look at that!

409

This is my boyfriend, Eddie.

410

She's 11 months older than I am.

411

Nice.

412

I like older women.

413

I have arthritis, and I have all the aches and pains that elderly people get, but somehow it just doesn't seem as bad.

414

I try not to let it deter me from doing what I want to do.

415

As a matter of fact, I'd like to take you to the park and perhaps show you how I exercise.

416

Oh, yes, please.

417

I need some tips.

418

More people are living to over 100 than ever before.

419

While genetics and diet are important, some recent studies show other key aspects are at play as well.

420

On the road again.

421

What's the secret to staying young for your whole life?

422

I think really number one is attitude.

423

I think if you have a good attitude and you think that today is going to be better than yesterday, that helps.

424

Recent research backs up Lillian's theory.

425

Scientists are finding that many centenarians have a positive outlook.

426

They are close to their family and are extroverted.

427

Oh, shut up.

428

And to this list, one study even adds this trait, being stubborn. Shall we?

429

OK.

430

What do we got in here?

431

Well, I do these.

432

Nice.

433

Keep your arms strong.

434

Slyon, you're so great.

435

What a badass, if you don't mind me saying.

436

I do 10 of these.

437

I complained at first.

438

I can't do those exercises.

439

Just I don't have time.

440

If you want to do them, you will make time.

441

That's good advice.

442

It was good advice.

443

Lillian, you've inspired me.

444

I was just blown away by Lillian in total, especially in her convertible.

445

Seeing Lillian with her boyfriend also made me think about my own relationship with my partner.

446

We recently had the hopeful news that his cancer is in remission.

447

This turn of events makes me so thankful for the medical advances of today,

448

but still, I want our lives to continue to be happy and healthy for as long as possible.

449

It makes me wonder, is there actually a way to stop growing old?

450

It turns out there's one scientist who's working to truly understand the biological clock and actually reverse the aging process.

451

Thank you so much for meeting with me here at the Fountain of Youth.

452

Dr. Steve Horvath of UCLA is a biostatistician who's invented an intriguing tool

453

that could help us find a way to roll back the biological clock.

454

Steve created a blood test to determine biological age.

455

It's widely considered to be the most accurate in the world.

456

So Dr. Horvath, why is it important to have a test like that?

457

Imagine we want to prove that this is the Fountain of Youth, right?

458

Somebody would have to dive into here.

459

We do a before and after measurement.

460

We would want to convince ourselves that it actually rejuvenated the epigenetic age of that person.

461

So it's really useful to have this clock as the metric to use if you're thinking of a treatment.

462

It's essential.

463

A test for biological aging is really quintessential in order to distinguish snake oil from therapies that actually have an effect.

464

Dr. Horvath's blood test measures something called DNA methylation.

465

Methylation is a process that regulates how genes function.

466

Methyl groups get added to DNA as we age, kind of like rust on metal.

467

Using his test, Steve has worked out the average rate that this methylation happens throughout people's lives.

468

By looking at this methylation change at several hundred locations on our DNA,

469

we can very accurately measure the age of the tissue.

470

Some people inherit good genes, and their epigenetic clock simply ticks more slowly.

471

Example are centenarians.

472

We analyze blood samples from centenarians and their children, and sure enough, it was younger than expected.

473

They got lucky.

474

Dr. Horvath collaborated with a team to see if they could replicate this effect with a drug therapy.

475

Over the course of 12 months, nine men took a diabetes drug known as metformin, along with two other kinds of hormones.

476

Steve tested the men's biological age both before and after the trial, and received some surprising results.

477

When I first ran the statistical analysis on my computer, I was really blown away.

478

I couldn't believe my eyes.

479

This cocktail even seems to reverse aging.

480

By how many years?

481

By roughly two and a half years.

482

In effect, this mix of medications reverses that rusting of people's DNA, leading to visible changes in the body.

483

There was one gentleman whose hair was entirely gray.

484

And after the treatment, it was darker again.

485

There was repigmentation.

486

If we are really lucky, maybe this treatment, this cocktail, really has a holistic effect.

487

It affects many organs of your body.

488

But first, this treatment has to be carefully evaluated and replicated.

489

Well, that's what makes me trust you, Dr. Horvath.

490

Although this study was very small, the promise of reversing the course of aging cannot be underestimated.

491

It's my dream that people get an annual measurement of their methylation.

492

And then the doctor would say, you know what?

493

You age a little bit too fast.

494

Why don't you take this anti-aging treatment?

495

And do you think that could extend people's lifetimes to a healthy 100 years?

496

I am quite convinced that people live till 150.

497

The question is only when.

498

With Dr. Horvath's approach added to the mix, I can more clearly see a path toward a future of extended life.

499

In the future, an age-reducing DNA cleanse comes in a simple pill.

500

Taken yearly by people over 50, this therapy scrubs the methylation rust and rejuvenates the whole body at the cellular level.

501

Most people's genetic codes can now be reformulated to the 97th percentile of optimal health.

502

Whether 50, 150, or 200 years old, it's possible to feel like you have the body of someone in their 30s.

503

As a scientist, I'm excited about these breakthroughs and the future that science is promising us.

504

But as a human being, there are questions outside the laboratory that seem equally important to me.

505

It seems that on many levels, our limited lifespan has defined who we are as humans.

506

And I wonder how we'd change if we all live until 150, or even longer.

507

Just because we can extend our lifespan, should we?

508

And who will benefit from these treatments?

509

Will only the privileged benefit from this extended life?

510

When it comes to life expectancy in the future, it makes me wonder how class, race, and geography might play an even greater role than they already do.

511

And how will the planet cope with human immortality?

512

We're already struggling with overpopulation and resource depletion.

513

I do feel hopeful that science, technology, and pure human ingenuity can find solutions to these admittedly enormous problems.

514

I think by 2050 we'll probably have human beings that regularly make it to 120.

515

I'm almost certain we're going to have individuals that live to ages that we've never seen before.

516

I want to make sure that no parent or no child has to lose someone they love.

517

There are always unexpected developments that nobody has foreseen.

518

So there are these breakthroughs suddenly.

519

And if we get lucky, we will be able to reverse the ages of people.

520

While developments in science are making extended human life an increasingly real possibility,

521

it's clear that there are things we can all be doing today that may help slow the aging process, like exercising, following a balanced diet,

522

and even simply just keeping a positive outlook.

523

I'm heading back to the lab too, where, as a microbiologist, I hope in some small way I can also contribute to all of us leading happier

524

and healthier lives.

525

Oh man, if I could live like Lillian, I would live to 100.

526

If I could live like Lillian to 120, I would live to 120.

527

I don't think we can predict the effects of what's going to happen to our world as a whole, as we all live longer lives, but I'm pretty excited to find out.

528

Thank you.

529

Transcription by

530

CastingWords

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?

Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.

Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Human Immortality 4K | Can Science Defeat Aging?

Exploring the Quest for Immortality: A Real-Life Dialogue

Useful Chunks & Collocations to Master

Your Shadowing Challenge: Practice Realistic Speech

Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?