跟讀練習: Endocrine System - 通過影片學習英語口語
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I remember when I first heard the word “hormones.” I was a little kid – had no idea what it meant -but I recall the word when someone made a phrase “it’s just hormones” but then over the years, the word “hormones” came up a lot more and it became clear to me: whatever these hormones are – they must be pretty important – because they’re mentioned for a lot of different things.
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And, indeed, today, I can tell you that, yes, hormones are a very big deal.
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As well as the system that secretes them.
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You know what system I’m talking about.
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The endocrine system.
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The endocrine system consists of structures that secrete hormones: that could be at the cellular level or at the organ level.
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But a big focus for the system and for this video is on glands.
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Now some of the major glands in the endocrine system also have non-endocrine duties that we won’t be going into, and some of these glands are also classified as organs in their roles with other body systems.
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Ok so endocrine glands: We’ll start with in the brain.
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Hypothalamus, Pineal gland, pituitary gland.
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Those are all found in the brain.
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In the neck area, thyroid and parathyroid.
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And farther down in the upper chest, the thymus.
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Above your kidneys, the adrenal glands.
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Near the stomach, the pancreas.
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Gonads: The gonads are reproductive glands - ovaries which are also part of the female reproductive system.
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Testes, which are part of the male reproductive system.
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Now two things to point out about all of these glands: Number 1: We’re focusing on endocrine function and not exocrine in this video.
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What’s the difference?
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Well, endocrine gland function means they are going to release hormones right into their surroundings.
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They have no special ducts to carry things away.
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Exocrine glands have ducts that carry whatever is secreted into a body opening or body surface.
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Like sweat glands.
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Or mammary glands, which produce milk.
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Sometimes a gland that has endocrine function can also have exocrine function.
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The pancreas for example!
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The pancreas is using its endocrine function when it’s releasing insulin or glucagon, which deals with blood sugar – more on that later- but it has an exocrine function when it secretes pancreatic enzymes through accessory ducts into the small intestine.
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And number 2: Yes, these are major endocrine glands that we mentioned, but there are also cells within organs that can have endocrine functions.
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Want an example?
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Ok, remember when we had talked about the stomach in the digestive system?
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We presented some examples of enzymes and hydrochloric acid as part of the gastric juice in the stomach, but we didn’t discuss a hormone that helps make the secretion of stomach acid possible.
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Gastrin is one of those hormones, and there are specific cells in the stomach that can secrete it.
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So now that we’ve mentioned that and we’ve given a little tour of the glands, it’s time to talk about hormones.
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There are different classes of hormones and while that’s not our focus: realize that they can be derived from different biomolecules such as amino acids or a full chain of amino acids , or lipids – like in the case of steroids.
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And it’s important to realize that because it turns out that what hormones are made of – meaning what makes up the hormone structure - is going to influence the hormone function.
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By function, that includes the receptors the hormones bind to.
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Hormones generally bind to specific target cells.
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And then the target cells will do some kind of action: maybe they’ll increase the rate of mitosis or prepare certain enzymes for action.
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There’s a lot of responses a target cell may take.
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So we’re going to go through the glands again but this time, we’re going to mention some major hormones associated with each gland and some general functions.
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Alright in the brain: so you can consider the hypothalamus-pituitary region to be a sort of complex because they are the boss of pretty much the rest of the endocrine system.
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The pituitary gland – and you can divide that into the anterior and posterior – so anterior and posterior pituitary stems off of the hypothalamus.
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The hypothalamus makes several hormones and the posterior pituitary holds on to them and then secretes those hormones.
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The posterior pituitary doesn’t make its own hormones.
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The amazing anterior pituitary on the other hand can make its own hormones!
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But it’s still very regulated by the hypothalamus.
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The posterior pituitary will secrete oxytocin – important for uterine contractions when one is having a baby and antidiuretic hormone – this stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.
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As for the anterior pituitary?
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Here’s a few.
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Growth hormone -as its name suggests it promotes growth, prolactin - promotes producing milk from mammary glands, Thyroid-stimulating hormone – stimulates the thyroid to release thyroid hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone – stimulates gonads to make gametes, Luteinizing hormone -stimulates gonads to make androgens, and adrenocorticotropic hormone –a very long name for a hormone - that one stimulates the adrenal cortex to release hormones.
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So you can see why this hypothalamus-pituitary complex is an important one.
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What about the little pineal gland?
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Don’t underestimate its importance: it secretes melatonin, which helps regulate circadian rhythm – which involves our sleep-wake cycle.
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The thyroid.
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Shaped like a beautiful butterfly that sits just under the larynx and wraps around the trachea, sitting in front of the trachea.
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It makes T4 and T3 .
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These hormones have major roles in metabolic processes.
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The thyroid also makes calcitonin which can lower the blood calcium level down.
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The Parathyroid glands sit posterior – in the back – here.
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The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone which actually raises blood calcium levels.
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What’s with blood calcium?
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Calcium levels are involved in cell signaling among many other things.
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Ok, now down to the thymus.
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You know, some endocrine diagrams don’t include the thymus.
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It may be because in adulthood, the thymus tends to shrink down and is not as active as the person ages.
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But before puberty when T cell development is especially active, the thymus is very important as an organ for the site of T cell maturity.
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And as a gland, the thymus does make hormones that impact immune system function: thymosin, which can stimulate the making of T cells, is an example.
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Ok, now take a look at these adrenal glands above the kidneys.
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Adrenal glands have two major parts: the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.
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The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which are involved in several body responses including the fight or flight response.
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The adrenal cortex secretes hormones known as glucocorticoids – the hormone cortisol is an example – cortisol can increase blood glucose levels and plays major roles with stress and inflammation.
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The adrenal cortex can also release mineralocorticoids -the hormone aldosterone is an example- it’s critical for the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium when we were talking about the nephrons in the kidneys.
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Pancreas. So after your food is digested, you need to get the glucose from the blood INTO your body cells.
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The hormone insulin is made by your pancreas and insulin tells the body cells to take in the glucose.
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Without it, your cells couldn’t have the glucose they need to survive – a reason that a person with diabetes may need to take insulin if their pancreas is not functioning normally.
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The pancreas also makes glucagon – this helps raise the blood glucose level – one way is that it can stimulate the liver to convert its glycogen to glucose.
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And last, the gonads.
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Ovaries make estrogen.
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Generally estrogen promotes uterine lining growth and female secondary sex characteristics.
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Ovaries also makes progesterone which also promotes uterine lining growth and keeps it maintained which is critical for fetal development.
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The testes make androgens – an example of an androgen is testosterone.
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Androgens help with making sperm cells and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
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We do want to point out that estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone: are generally present and serve functions in all individuals.
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However, estrogen and progesterone are generally in higher concentrations with major functions in females whereas androgens are generally in higher concentration with major functions in males.
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So, we toured through some endocrine glands and the hormones they make.
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Those hormones act as chemical signals so the target cells can perform some sort of action.
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The response time can be slow or fast and the distance the hormones travel to reach their target cells might be short or long.
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We want to just give a little reminder that hormones aren’t the only form of signaling in the body.
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The nervous system, which needs its own video, uses electrical signaling and chemical signaling in the form of neurotransmitters.
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Generally nervous system signaling will be for short distances and has a very fast response time.
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Finally, in talking about why the endocrine system is so important: let’s consider an example of when it is not functioning normally.
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In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland is underactive.
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This can have many causes which can impact how it is treated, but generally in hypothyroidism, the thyroid isn’t producing enough thyroid hormones.
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Recall that the thyroid hormones have major roles in metabolic processes.
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Therefore, someone with hypothyroidism may experience extreme fatigue, a slowed heart rate, and other symptoms.
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Sometimes an individual with this condition can also have a higher-than-normal level of thyroid stimulating hormone , because their anterior pituitary is trying to stimulate their underactive thyroid.
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An endocrinologist is a physician that specializes in conditions of the endocrine system, and their treatment plan for hypothyroidism may include receiving replacement thyroid hormone.
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See our further reading suggestions for more examples.
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Well, that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious.
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關於本課
在本課程中，學習者將重點了解內分泌系統及其主要腺體的功能。通過認真聆聽影片內容，學習如何描述內分泌腺的種類及其所分泌的激素，從而提高英語發音和表達能力。掌握相關詞彙和短語將有助於雅思口語練習，使學習者能更有效地參與到討論生物學和健康主題中去。
關鍵詞彙與短語
- 內分泌腺 (endocrine glands) - 分泌激素的重要腺體
- 激素 (hormones) - 對身體多種功能產生影響的化學物質
- 下丘腦 (hypothalamus) - 位於腦中的內分泌調節中心
- 前葉垂體 (anterior pituitary) - 產生多種激素的腺體
- 生長激素 (growth hormone, GH) - 促進身體生長的激素
- 胰臟 (pancreas) - 既有內分泌又有外分泌功能的腺體
- 調整體液 (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) - 刺激腎臟重新吸收水分的激素
練習建議
在觀看影片時，建議您使用shadowing技術進行跟讀。這意味著在影片播放時，您應該儘量模仿講解者的語音、語調和節奏，以便提高英語發音。這種方法特別適用於像本影片這樣節奏適中的內容，您可以一邊聽一邊重複，確保每個詞都能準確發音。同時，通過shadowspeaks練習，您能更好地理解專業術語，特別是在涉及生物學的場景中會更有幫助。定期進行這種練習，不僅可以增強您的口語能力，還能讓您在雅思口語練習中表現得更加出色。
另外，您可以在觀看看YouTube學英語的影片的同時，寫下新學到的詞彙並進行利用這些詞造句，這對記憶和後續的表達都會有極大的幫助。記得反覆練習以加深理解，形成口語表達的習慣。
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | are also classified · is secreted · can be derived |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | ovaries which are · Testes, which are · calcitonin which can |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。