跟讀練習: Human digestive system - How it works! (Animation) - 通過影片學習英語口語
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136 句
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The human digestive system is very complex and has evolved over millions of years.
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It basically consists of the rectum,
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the large intestine, the small intestine,
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the pancreas, the stomach, also called gaster and ventriculus,
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and the liver with the gallbladder.
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The esophagus is also part of this system as well as various salivary glands near the mouth.
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First, the food is broken up in the mouth by the teeth
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and then mixed with saliva with the help of the salivary glands.
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Saliva contains a digestive enzyme called amylase that already begins to digest carbohydrates in the mouth.
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It splits carbohydrates into smaller units.
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The ball-like mixture of food with saliva,
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also known as bolus, is pushed into the throat by the tongue,
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and finally into the esophagus,
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which propels the bolus to the stomach.
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The esophageal lumen, that is,
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the opening inside the esophagus,
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is very flexible, which allows boluses of different sizes to be transported.
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The esophagus consists of several layers.
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These layers occur throughout the entire digestive tract.
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The two outer muscle layers are responsible for peristalsis.
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Through these two muscles, the bolus can be transported from the mouth to the stomach,
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even if the person is standing on his head.
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The stomach is often divided into six areas.
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The stomach is composed of a similar structure to the esophagus.
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It has a longitudinal muscle layer on the outside.
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Underneath, we can find circular muscle fibers.
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In addition to this, there is an oblique muscle layer overlaying the mucosa.
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On the inside, there are rugae that allow the stomach to enlarge when food is consumed.
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The stomach wall contains gastric glands.
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They produce mucus, which is able to protect the stomach wall from the secreted gastric acid.
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Gastric acid is produced by simply smelling or seeing food,
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but also spices, and the stretching of the stomach causes the secretion,
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that is, the release of gastric acid.
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About 1-2 liters of gastric juice are produced per day.
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Since the esophagus does not have a protective mucus layer like the stomach,
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stomach and esophagus are separated by a sphincter.
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It relaxes when a bolus is pushed from the esophagus into the stomach
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and then contracts to prevent acid and food from going back up.
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Gastric juice consists, among other things,
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of hydrochloric acid, the enzyme pepsin,
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the intrinsic factor, and lipase for the digestion of fat.
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In addition to nutrients, food also contains bacteria that can damage the body.
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The components of hydrochloric acid are able to destroy harmful bacteria.
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In addition, hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen,
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also released by the gastric glands, into pepsin.
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is able to break down proteins in the stomach.
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For a vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine,
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the intrinsic factor is needed,
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which is produced by the gastric glands.
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The vitamin must combine with intrinsic factor,
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then it can be absorbed later by the small intestine.
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Vitamin B12 helps keep the body's nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA.
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It also contains gastric lipase,
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an acid-resistant enzyme for fat digestion.
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In the stomach, gastric lipase splits a triglyceride into a free fatty acid and a diglyceride,
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whereby only the free fatty acid can be absorbed by the body.
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More effective fat digestion takes place in the small intestine.
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Through gastric juice and stomach movements,
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which take place approximately every 20 seconds,
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the individual boluses are mixed to a semi-fluid mass of partly digested food, the so-called chime.
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The chime cannot enter the duodenum at first because there is a sphincter at the stomach exit.
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The pyloric sphincter resembles the esophageal sphincter.
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The pyloric sphincter opens only a few millimeters,
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so that larger pieces remain inside the stomach.
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In the first section of the small intestine,
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the duodenum, bile, and pancreatic secretions are mixed with the chyme via the ampulla of vader.
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Pancreatic juice contains numerous digestive proenzymes and enzymes.
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In order for these to do their job,
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a higher pH value than that in the stomach is necessary.
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For this reason, pancreatic juice contains sodium hydrogen carbonate.
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Hydrogen carbonate is able to neutralize the acid in the chyme and thus produce the optimum pH value of 7 or 8.
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Pancreatic juice also contains proenzymes.
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It is only through enterokinase,
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released by the duodenum wall,
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that the proenzyme trypsinogen becomes trypsin,
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which can split proteins and activate other trypsinogens.
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We also find alpha amylase,
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which we had already found in the mouth.
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It now does the rest regarding the splitting of carbohydrates,
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which it converts into maltose and isomaltose.
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Furthermore, pancreatic lipase is able to split triglycerides into two free fatty acids.
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The gastric lipase, as we have seen before,
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can produce only one free fatty acid.
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The pancreatic lipase can cleave triglycerides excellently because the bile breaks the fats down into tiny droplets.
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This is called emulsification.
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Numerous other enzymes are part of pancreatic juice,
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but these will not be explained in detail here.
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Bile is produced by the liver cells and transported to the gallbladder.
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The bile is stored in the gallbladder and finally added to the food in the duodenum via the ampulla of VATR.
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The pancreas also releases juice via the ampulla of VATR.
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The small intestine consists of three sections, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
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The ileum continues into the large intestine in the right lower abdomen.
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The duodenum and the jejunum have circular folds to increase the contact surface with the food.
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These circular folds extend about 1 cm into the lumen of the small intestine.
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These folds are covered with small finger-like projections called villi.
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Villi increase the surface considerably.
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Villi are about 1 mm long.
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Each villus contains blood capillaries and a lymphatic capillary called lacteal,
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which we will see later.
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The nutrients, marked green here,
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are absorbed by the villus and transferred to the blood capillaries.
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Some nutrients, such as glucose,
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do not require a carrier.
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They are transported freely in the bloodstream.
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Other nutrients, such as iron,
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require transport proteins like transferrin.
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Fats are transported by chylomicrons, which are lipoproteins.
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The triglycerides to be transported are virtually enclosed in the lipoprotein.
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Chylomicrons and triglycerides are then transported through the lacteal of the villus.
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Each villus is covered by even smaller microvilli.
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They multiply the intestinal surface considerably.
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The microvilli absorb nutrients and transport them to the inside.
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The last part of the small intestine is the ileum.
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It does not have, unlike the duodenum and jejunum, circular folds.
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The ileum absorbs electrolytes such as calcium for building bones, hair and teeth.
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Trace elements such as zinc for sperm production and the immune system.
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such as B12 for the formation and maturation of red blood cells
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and remaining bile acid which is transported back to the liver via the bloodstream
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as with the esophagus the food is transported by peristalsis in contrast segmentation contractions serve to mix the chime,
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which is shown here in yellow and red to make it easier to see the mixing process.
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The large intestine is thicker than the small intestine.
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It is about one meter long and surrounds the small intestine.
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The small intestine is connected to the large intestine via the Bauheims valve.
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It opens when Chime is to pass from the small intestine to the large intestine.
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The large intestine does not have any villi like the small intestine
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because most digestible substances have already been absorbed in the small intestine.
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However, the large intestine has an estimated 100 billion bacteria inside.
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They are important for many other tasks,
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such as the production of vitamins and the decomposition of fiber for the body's energy production.
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Many of these bacteria are an important part of the immune system by killing harmful germs.
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Through peristalsis, the chime is transported from the ascending colon to the transverse colon to the descending colon.
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On its way through the large intestine,
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water is removed from the chyme.
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Furthermore, mucus is added for proper excretion of waste.
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Substances that cannot be absorbed through the small intestine or the large intestine remain in the rectum
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and are finally excreted through the anus.
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本課簡介
在本課中，學習者將通過觀看此關於人類消化系統的影片，瞭解其複雜的工作機制。通過這個過程，您將能夠提升您在英語口語中的流利度和清晰度，特別是在討論與健康相關的話題時。此外，此影片為您提供了豐富的專業詞彙，使您能夠更自信地表達有關生物學和醫學的主題。通過反覆練習，您將提高英語發音，增強您的雅思口語練習能力。
關鍵詞彙與短語
- 消化系統 (digestive system)
- 食道 (esophagus)
- 胃 (stomach)
- 胰臟 (pancreas)
- 膽囊 (gallbladder)
- 胃酸 (gastric acid)
- 營養物質 (nutrients)
- 維生素B12 (vitamin B12)
練習技巧
要有效地提高英語發音，建議您在觀看影片時進行影子練習，即模仿影片中的講話者。請注意以下幾點：
- 語速：影片的語速適中，適合進行逐句跟讀。在您模仿時，可以先慢速跟讀，然後逐漸提高速度，以便匹配原聲。
- 語調：注意講話者的語調和重音位置。這將幫助您在提高英語口語練習時使表達更加自然和地道。
- 重複觀看：多次觀看影片，每次儘量不同的側重點，專注於不同的部分和詞彙，從而提高您的個人理解和表達能力。
- 錄音比較：在練習時錄製自己的聲音，然後與原影片進行對比，找出差距，並逐步改善。
藉助這些技巧，您將在進行雅思口語練習和其他英語口語練習時更加自如。利用看YouTube學英語的資源，您將會在學習中得到更多樂趣和收穫！
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | is broken · is pushed · be transported |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | has evolved · have seen · have already been absorbed |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | mucus, which is · chylomicrons, which are · acid which is |
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。