跟读练习: Breaking down functional movement disorders • 2025 MDS Congress - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to a special episode of the MDS podcast coming from the Movement Disorder Congress 2025.
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We are so privileged to have Professor Ibeck with us to discuss today's topic, Functional Movement Disorders.
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Professor Ibeck is a neurologist working at the University of Freiburg.
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To say Professor Ibeck is a specialist in FND is an understatement.
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We are very thankful to have you here today with us.
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I just listened to your talk on functional movement disorders, diagnosis and management.
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Before we dive into the content of functional movement disorders, can you maybe tell us a little bit about what got you interested in this topic?
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Sure.
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Thank you so much, first, for inviting me to take part in this podcast.
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It's a pleasure.
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And to talk about FND, my passion.
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So about how I got into FND, it was actually the fascination for these clinical presentations that I saw during my training.
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I had a mentor who was a movement disorder specialist, and he showed me these unusual cases because back then the diagnosis
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but he started showing me that there are actually positive signs.
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And I got so fascinated because we did not understand the pathophysiology.
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Mainly that was my interest.
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Why do these patients do these symptoms?
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And I wanted to know more.
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And I think that over the years, you've been such an amazing contributor to telling all of us about how that happens.
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And so thank you for the amazing work you've done.
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Yes, so FMD, functional movement disorder,
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is actually a group of symptoms where people present with abnormal movements or abnormal motor patterns such as weakness.
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And it's actually a subgroup of what we call FND,
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functional neurological disorder, because the same disorder can also express in different ways and be seen by other neurologists,
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like non -epileptic or functional seizures, for example, or speech disorder would be part of FMD but sometimes diagnosed by other specialists,
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or sensory problems, vision, hearing, so all the senses.
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And now more recently, we also defined two groups that belong to that, that are functional cognitive disorder and functional vertigo.
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That has also this name of triple PD, PPPD for postural, persistent, perceptual dizziness.
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So this is a whole group.
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But we're focusing today on FMD, right, movement and motor problems.
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Brilliant.
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Thank you.
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That gives us a great overview of where everything sits.
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would you say FMD is?
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FMD, again, in general has been shown to be one of the commonest cause to see a neurologist in different studies.
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So it's very common.
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It's been estimated also to represent up to a third of consultation in a general neurologist setting.
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Now that said, it can also be
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just FND or FND plus neurological disorder because it's not rare to see patients who can have both, right, coexisting.
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And FMD is the commonest subtype.
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So you mentioned that it can also be seen with a neurological condition.
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Are there specific neurological conditions that it's often seen with, or can it be seen with any neurological condition?
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So it can be seen with any.
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So you can have any
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symptom but there are some specific patterns that we now recognize
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and one that is of particular interest I think
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that we discussed in the session is the association of functional Parkinsonism with actually Parkinson's disease
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and it's very interesting because first the clinical presentation is not
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that easy we need to really carefully look for signs one of the signs we discussed in the video is
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that the slowness of movement that you can see in functional
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bit different in the sense that patient will be slow
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when you do the finger tapping but they won't show this loss of amplitude
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that is typical of the bradykinesia that we see in Parkinson's.
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So these help you make the diagnosis of functional Parkinsonism.
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And it's been shown now in a few case series that patients can have both, but when they have both, it tends to be that they start with the functional Parkinsonism,
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sometimes years before we actually find or develop the signs and symptoms of Parkinson.
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but they might develop the disease.
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This is an example where the role of the neurologist is really very important.
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So over the last few years, there's so much research that has been coming out around FND.
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How do you feel that the medical community has responded to this research?
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Do you feel there are still some controversies around it?
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Yeah, so thank you indeed for raising this point
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because we see big lag between what's shown in science and the literature and then the clinical application.
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And here I'm referring to this whole evidence from the literature that now we can make the diagnosis with positive signs,
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that there are a lot of positive signs that have been validated in studies showing a good specificity, showing a good inter -rater reliability,
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and yet In clinical practice, it takes years before neurologists actually know these signs or use them.
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And yeah, but I guess it's normal in the field, right?
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But it takes years until clinical research comes into clinical practice.
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And we need then to bridge that gap.
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A lot of conferences teaching, postgraduate teaching, pregraduate teaching.
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I think if we teach the young medical doctors early how to make the diagnosis, we won't have this issue anymore.
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So to everyone listening, if you understand the ins and outs of diagnosis, go out and share with your colleagues.
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So when making the diagnosis, do you ever discuss the prognosis with the patient?
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Not necessarily.
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I really wait for the patient to ask.
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And we often have patients who ask.
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And then my answer is that for an individual person, we cannot predict, we're not good at it.
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But then I cite studies and I say that roughly 40 % of patients will still have symptoms, but that it really depends.
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And I then tailor my explanation to what I see, because if I see a patient with acute symptoms,
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I tend to be more encouraging and positive because from experience, not really from literature, but from experience, we know that they tend to get better quicker.
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When we see patients with very chronic symptoms, I also want them to have realistic expectations, so I tell them that it will take months or years.
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And again, it's not to discourage them, it's to make a good treatment plan with them that is realistic.
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Thank you.
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And again, when explaining the diagnosis to your patients, are there any big no -nos that you would say,
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"Stay away from everyone, please." Yes, I think there are two words that we should stay away from.
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It's to refer to a functional disorder on one hand and oppose it to a real disorder.
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So the term real disorder should not be used.
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Or genion is the other one to say this is a genion tremor, whereas this is a functional tremor.
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This is really not helpful because it conveys really a sort of hierarchy of symptoms and that FND would be less important.
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And we're talking to people who suffer on a daily basis with the symptoms.
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And other than that, I think we can use term.
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Of course functional is the most appropriate to me
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because it's very descriptive but what matters more is our attitude
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and our behavior and the respect we show to our patient
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and we show them that we not only believe them
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but we have seen many other patients like them
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and it's not rare and we know what we're talking about and this reassures the patients a lot.
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Brilliant, thank you.
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So then moving towards management, how beneficial is it to see or to refer a patient for treatment as early as possible?
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It's very important.
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Going back to the prognosis, if we diagnose patients early and they can get into treatment early, they will get better.
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So this is really the big effort that I've been trying to do in my country, in the different hospitals I've been working for, but also to advocate internationally.
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These patients should be diagnosed really early so that we can influence the prognosis.
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And then in terms of management, how important is an interdisciplinary team?
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It's key.
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To have an interdisciplinary team is key.
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And we still see a lot of centers around the globe where neurologists feel very isolated
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because they're able to make the diagnosis, but then they don't know where to refer.
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They don't have a good physio around.
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They don't have a psychiatrist or psychologist.
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We see the other side where it's the psychiatrist that say, we don't have any neurologists interested in the team.
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Or I've also talked to some OT, occupational therapists, that said, but I need a neurologist to certify it.
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So it's really key that we all work together and that we develop then this teamwork.
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Also because now there are studies that show
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that we can really improve the patient's outcome with interdisciplinary treatment being outpatient setting or inpatient setting.
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Both have now come in studies.
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Thank you.
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I really appreciate your time today and for sharing your knowledge with our listeners.
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Thank you also for your amazing presentation at the Congress.
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And to everyone that's been listening, thank you for opening your mind.
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Thank you.
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clinical practice.
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Any disclosures of the participants can be found within the episode description located on the MDS website.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“Breaking down functional movement disorders • 2025 MDS Congress”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：patient, functional, disorder, neurologist, symptom。 这段视频共有 123 个句子、1585 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 11:00。 说话人语速平稳，每分钟约 144 个词，很适合跟读。 82% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中最难的 15 个单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| symptom 名词 | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | 症狀 /症状, 病徵 /病征 |
| neurological 形容词 | /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/ | 神经学上的 |
| diagnose 动词 | /ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/ | 診斷 /诊断 |
| interdisciplinary 形容词 | 跨學科的 /跨学科的, 科際的 /科际的 | |
| prognosis 名词 | /pɹɑɡˈnoʊsɪs/ | 預後 /预后 |
| tremor 名词 | /ˈtɹɛmɚ/ | 哆嗦, 顫抖 /颤抖 |
| psychiatrist 名词 | /ˌsaɪˈkaɪ.ə.tɹɪst/ | 精神病醫生 /精神病医生 |
| abnormal 形容词 | /ˌæbˈnɔɹ.ml̩/ | 異常 /异常 |
| amplitude 名词 | /ˈæm.plɪ.tud/ | 幅度 |
| bradykinesia 名词 | 運動遲緩 /运动迟缓 | |
| certify 动词 | /ˈsɜː.tɪ.faɪ/ | 證明 /证明 |
| coexist 动词 | /ˌkoʊ.ɪɡˈzɪst/ | 共存, 並存 /并存 |
| dizziness 名词 | 頭暈 /头晕, 眩暈 /眩晕 | |
| fascinate 动词 | /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ | 誘惑 /诱惑, 迷住 |
| fascination 名词 | /fæsɪˈneɪʃən/ | 魅惑 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| come out 动词 | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | 出, 出來 /出来 |
| go out 动词 | 出, 出口 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 现在完成进行时 have/has been + -ing — 以前开始、现在仍在继续的动作 | has been coming · I've been trying · that's been listening |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | you've been · you've done · has been shown |
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | be seen · has been shown · been estimated |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 17 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, we're, I've。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “th” 音: thankful /ˈθæŋkfəl/, therapist /ˈθɛɹəpɪst/
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: fascination /fæsɪˈneɪʃən/, outpatient /ˈaʊtˌpeɪʃ(ə)nt/, reassure /ˌɹi.əˈʃʊɹ/, impatient /ɪmˈpeɪʃənt/, occupational /ɑkjuˈpeɪʃənəl/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, psychiatrist /ˌsaɪˈkaɪ.ə.tɹɪst/, epileptic /ˌɛpɪˈlɛptɪk/, fascination /fæsɪˈneɪʃən/, perceptual /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛp.tʃ(u)əl/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: validate /ˈvæl.ɪ.deɪt/, vertigo /ˈvɝtɪɡoʊ/, descriptive /dəˈskɹɪptɪv/, convey /kənˈveɪ/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: diagnose /ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/, prognosis /pɹɑɡˈnoʊsɪs/, psychiatrist /ˌsaɪˈkaɪ.ə.tɹɪst/, amplitude /ˈæm.plɪ.tud/, coexist /ˌkoʊ.ɪɡˈzɪst/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: abnormal /ˌæbˈnɔɹ.ml̩/, perceptual /pə(ɹ)ˈsɛp.tʃ(u)əl/, postural /ˈpɑst͡ʃəɹəl/, disclosure /dɪsˈkləʊʒə(ɹ)/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 用正常速度逐句跟读，每句重复到你的节奏与说话人一致为止。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 symptom, neurological, diagnose 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。