跟读练习: Inside the Upstream Process: How Oil & Gas Is Found - 通过视频学习英语口语
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The oil and gas value chain is broadly divided into two segments.
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Upstream for the discovery and production of crude oil and natural gas, and downstream for refinement and sales of the end products.
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Each is a big industry of its own.
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Due to the complexity of each segment, most companies focus on one, though major oil and gas companies are fully integrated across the value chain.
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Let's start with upstream.
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The world has a surface area of 200 million square miles.
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How can oil companies know where oil and gas reserves are?
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It starts with the exploration phase.
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Explorations can be onshore or offshore, and the objective here is not to find oil or gas,
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but to narrow down the search area by identifying potential reservoirs that might host oil and gas.
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Have you ever seen someone selecting a watermelon by tapping on it
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and listening for a hollow sound sound to see how ripe it is, oil and gas exploration process is similar to that, just more expensive.
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A lot more expensive.
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The exploratory process starts with seismic surveys of basins to scan below the surface and identify potential reservoir targets.
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Seismic surveys use sound waves, akin to the watermelon tapping and listening method, to create images of subsurface rock layers.
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The sound waves, generated by a loud bang, like the detonation of dynamite in a hole dug in the ground or from an air gun in the water,
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travel through the Earth and are partially reflected by each rock boundary back to the surface.
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Geophones placed at the surface record the reflections,
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which are then digitized and analyzed by geophysicists to identify potential rock formations that could lead to oil and gas accumulations.
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In addition to seismic surveys, companies also conduct regional studies to see if there are discovered reserves in neighboring countries with similar geographies.
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This would increase the probability of discovering reserves in the basin under exploration.
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Based on the results of seismic surveys and regional studies, companies will decide to proceed to drilling exploratory wells, which are typically 5 inches wide,
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with a depth ranging from a few hundred feet to 20,000 feet.
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Next, samples are collected from the drilled wells and tested, in attempts to confirm the presence of a reservoir and its properties in terms of volume and mobility,
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that is, how easily the reservoir will flow.
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Tests are used to create 3D models of the reservoir and to identify the depth of different layers of gas, oil, and water.
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This is an important step because drilling to extract oil and gas is a delicate operation, and mistakes can be economically catastrophic.
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Even with the most advanced tests and models, exploration is always a risky bet.
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companies can spend millions drilling to find an empty well or wells that are not commercially recoverable with existing technologies.
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With modern seismic survey technologies the chances of finding oil or gas is less than 20 percent.
关于本课
您正在使用跟读技巧通过视频"Inside the Upstream Process: How Oil & Gas Is Found"练习英语口语和发音。
每天练习15到30分钟，将显著提高您的英语流利度和发音准确度。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。