跟读练习: Ohms Law Explained - The basics circuit theory - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Hey there guys, Paul here from theengineeringmindset .com.
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In this video we're going to be looking at Ohm's Law
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to understand how it works as well as how to use it.
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There are also two problems at the end of this video for you to test your knowledge
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and see if you can solve.
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So what is Ohm's Law?
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Ohm's Law is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance and how they relate to each other.
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Ohm's law was developed by a German physicist named George Ohm
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who undertook many experiments to develop his theory including measuring current by touching live electrical circuits to see how much it hurt.
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As you might imagine the higher the current the more it hurt.
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Now there are three formulas we need to use for Ohm's law
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but we don't actually need to remember these and I'll show you a super easy tip in just a moment.
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So the three formulas we use for Ohm's law are voltage equals current multiplied by resistance, current equals voltage divided by resistance,
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and resistance equals voltage divided by current.
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If that seems like a lot to remember then don't worry because we don't need to remember them.
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All we need to remember is Ohm's triangle which looks like this.
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So you just need to remember these three letters in order V, I, R.
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Then we just write those letters in a triangle with V at the top
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and we draw a line to separate the letters.
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In fact you don't even need to remember those
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because I've made a free PDF guide for you with some worked examples
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which you can keep on your PC or your mobile and access wherever you need.
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Links for that can be found in the video description down below.
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Now all we do when we need to use a formula is cover up the letter we need.
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So if we want to find the voltage then we write V equals
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and then we cover up the V in the triangle.
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That leaves us with I and R so we write I multiplied by which means voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.
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You can write a little multiplication symbol in the triangle between the two letters if it helps you.
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Now I know what you're thinking, why is current represented with the letter I and not a C for current,
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or even a letter A for the unit of ampere?
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Well the unit of current is the ampere or the amp, and this is named after André Ampere, a French physicist.
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A couple of hundred years ago he undertook lots of experiments many involved varying the amount of electrical current.
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So he called this intensity du current or the intensity of current.
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So when he published his work they took the letter I and it became standard until this day.
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Now you might also come across formulas where the letter E is used instead of V.
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The letter E stands for EMF or electromotive force
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but don't worry about that just stick to using V
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and substitute V for E if you see it used in Ohm's law questions.
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Anyway so by covering V we get voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.
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If we want to find current then we write down I equals
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and then we cover up the letter I in the triangle.
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That gives us V and R
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so as V is above the R like a fraction
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we can write V divided by R therefore current is equal to voltage divided by resistance.
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If we want to find resistance then we write down R equals and we cover up R in the triangle.
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That leaves us with V and I so we write V divided by I
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which gives us resistance equals voltage divided by current.
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Let's look at some examples for how to use these formulas.
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First let's see how we find voltage and how it relates to the other parts.
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Let's say we have a simple electrical circuit with a battery and a resistor.
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We don't know what the voltage of the battery is though.
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The resistor is three ohms and when we connect a multimeter into the circuit, we see that we get a reading of two amps of current.
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We want to find the voltage, so using ohms triangle, we can cover up the V and that gives us V equals I multiplied by R.
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We know the current is two amps, so we can write that in, and we know the resistance is three ohms,
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so we can write that in also.
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Therefore, two amps multiplied by three ohms gives us six volts.
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The battery is therefore 6 volts.
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Now if you want to check your answers for ohms questions then I've built a free calculator on the website.
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You can just drop your numbers in and it will do the calculation for you.
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Links for that again in the video description down below.
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Coming back to the circuit, if we now double the voltage by connecting two 6 volt batteries in series we get 12 volts.
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If we now connect this to the same circuit the current also doubles from 2 amps to 4 amps.
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If we double the voltage again to 24 volts, the current will also double to 8 amps.
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So what's the relationship here?
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We can see that current is therefore directly proportional to voltage.
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If we double the voltage, we double the current.
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Remember voltage is like pressure, is the pushing force in the circuit.
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It pushes the electrons around the wires
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and we place things like lamps in the way of these electrons
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so that they have to flow through these and that causes the lamp to light up.
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By doubling the voltage we see that the current also doubles,
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meaning that more electrons are flowing and this occurs as we apply more pressure or more voltage.
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This is just like if we were to use a bigger water pump then more water will flow.
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Okay, so what about finding current?
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Let's say we now have a 3 ohm lamp connected to a 6 volt power supply.
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To find the current we write down I equals and then we cover up I in the triangle.
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That gives us V divided by R, so current equals voltage divided by resistance.
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We know the voltage is 6 volts and the resistance is 3 ohms, so the current is therefore 2 amps.
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And that's what we see on the multimeter.
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By the way, if you don't have a multimeter then I highly recommend you get one.
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It's essential for troubleshooting but also building your essential electrical knowledge.
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I'll leave some links down below for which one to get and from where.
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So we saw what happens when we use a resistance of 3 ohms in the circuit.
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But if we double the resistance to 6 ohms by placing another 3 ohm lamp into the circuit, the current halves to just 1 amp.
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If we double the resistance again to 12 ohms, the current will half again to 0 .5 amps.
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We can visually see this because the lamps will become less bright as the current reduces from the increase in resistance.
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So what's the relationship here?
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We can see that the current is inversely proportional to the resistance.
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When we double the resistance the current will decrease by half.
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If we half the resistance the current will double.
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Current is the flow of electrons or the flow of free electrons.
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For us to make this lamp shine we need to push electrons through it.
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How do we do that?
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We apply a voltage across the two ends.
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The voltage will push the electrons.
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The atoms inside the copper wire have free electrons in their valence shell
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which means they can very easily move to other copper atoms.
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They will naturally move to other atoms by themselves
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but this will be in random directions which is of no use to us.
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For the lamp to turn on we need lots of electrons to flow in the same direction.
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When we connect to voltage source
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we use the pressure of the battery to push the electrons through the circuit all in the same direction.
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For example to power this 1 .5 ohm resistive lamp with a 1 .5 volt battery requires 1 amp of current.
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This is equal to 6 ,242 ,000 ,000 electrons passing from the battery
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and through the lamp every second and if we can achieve this then the lamp will stay at full brightness.
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If the voltage or current reduces or the resistance of the circuit increases then the lamp will become dimmer.
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Okay now let's look at finding resistance.
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Say we have a resistive lamp connected to a 12 volt power supply.
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We don't know how much resistance is adding to the circuit but we measure the current at 0 .5 amps.
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To find the resistance we write down R equals and and then we cover up the R in the triangle.
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We're left with V and I, so resistance equals voltage divided by current.
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We know the voltage is 12 volts and the current is 0 .5 amps, so 12 divided by 0 .5 gives us 24 ohms of resistance.
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Resistance is the opposition to the flow of electrons.
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It tries to prevent electrons from flowing.
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That's why we use resistors in circuits to reduce the current and protect components such as an LED.
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If we try to connect an LED directly to a 9V battery, it will blow out because the voltage and the current are too high.
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But when we add a resistor into the circuit, then these are reduced, so the LED is protected and will shine brightly.
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So given the circuit, we can increase the current by increasing the voltage, or we can also increase the current by reducing the resistance.
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We can also reduce the current by increasing the resistance.
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Okay, time for you to test your skills.
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Can you solve these problems?
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I'll leave a link for the answer and the solution in the video description down below.
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Problem one, let's say we have this lamp which has a resistance of 240 ohms.
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If we plug this into an outlet in the US which uses 120 volts, what will the current be?
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Problem two, if I plug the same 240 ohm resistive lamp into an outlet in the UK, we get a current of 0 .958 amps.
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So what is the voltage being applied here?
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Okay guys, that's it for this video, but to continue your learning,
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then check out one of the videos on screen now and I'll catch you there for the next lesson.
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Don't forget to follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, as well as theengineeringmindset .com.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“Ohms Law Explained - The basics circuit theory”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：current, voltage, resistance, Amp, lamp。 这段视频共有 108 个句子、1796 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 9:49。 说话人语速较快，每分钟约 183 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。 只有 80% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| voltage 名词 | /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/ | 電壓 /电压 |
| lamp 名词 | /ˈlæ̝mp/ | 燈 /灯, 電燈 /电灯 |
| divide 动词 | /dɪˈvaɪd/ | 分, 分裂 |
| triangle 名词 | /ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/ | 三角, 三角形 |
| connect 动词 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 連接 /连接 |
| litter 名词 | /ˈlɪt.ɚ/ | 垫料 |
| formula 名词 | /ˈfɔː.mjʊ.lə/ | 公式 |
| metre 名词 | /ˈmiːtəɹ/ | 米, 公尺 |
| atom 名词 | /ˈætəm/ | 原子 |
| wire 名词 | /ˈwaɪɚ/ | 線 /线, 鐵絲 /铁丝 |
| solve 动词 | /sɒlv/ | 解決 /解决 |
| experiment 名词 | /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/ | 實驗 /实验 |
| copper 名词 | /ˈkɒpə/ | 銅 /铜 |
| leaf 名词 | /lif/ | еезы, еер |
| shine 动词 | /ʃaɪn/ | 發亮 /发亮, 照 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| cover up 动词 | 掩蓋 /掩盖, 掩飾 /掩饰 |
| write down 动词 | 寫下來 /写下来, 寫下 /写下 |
| check out 动词 | 退房 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | was developed · can be found · is named |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | I've made · I've built |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | directions which is · lamp which has |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 16 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 don't, I'll, I've。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: shine /ʃaɪn/, shell /ʃɛl/, fraction /ˈfɹæk.ʃən/, calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/, multiplication /ˌmʌltɪplɪˈkeɪʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, experiment /ɪkˈspɛɹ.ə.mənt/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, intensity /ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/, visually /ˈvɪzju.əli/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: voltage /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, solve /sɒlv/, wherever /(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/, vary /ˈvɛəɹi/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: voltage /ˈvəʊltɪd͡ʒ/, circuit /ˈsɝ.kɪt/, lamp /ˈlæ̝mp/, divide /dɪˈvaɪd/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: triangle /ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/, electrical /ɪˈlɛktɹɪkəl/, relate /ɹɪˈleɪt/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, brightly /ˈbɹaɪtli/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 voltage, lamp, divide 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。