跟读练习: Proxy vs Reverse Proxy (Real-world Examples) - 通过视频学习英语口语
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Why is Nginet called a reverse proxy?
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What is a proxy anyways?
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Let's take a look.
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Two common types of proxy are forward proxy and reverse proxy.
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A forward proxy is a server that sits between a group of client machines and the internet.
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When those clients make requests to websites on the internet the forward proxy acts as a middleman intercepts those requests
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and talks to the web servers on behalf of those client machines why would anyone want to do
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that here are a few reasons one a forward proxy protects
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the client's online identity by using a forward proxy to connect
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to a website the ip address of the client is hidden
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from the server only the ip address of the proxy is visible, it would be harder to trace back to the client.
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Two, a forward proxy can be used to bypass browsing restrictions.
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Some institutions like governments, schools, and big businesses use firewalls to restrict access to the internet.
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By connecting to a forward proxy outside the firewalls, the client machine can potentially get around these restrictions.
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It does not always work because the firewalls themselves could block the connections to the proxy.
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3. A forward proxy can be used to block access to certain content.
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It is not uncommon for schools
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and businesses to configure the networks to connect all clients to the web through the proxy
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and apply filtering rules to disallow sites like social networks.
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It is worth noting that a forward proxy normally requires a client to configure its application to point to it.
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For large institutions, they usually apply a technique called transparent proxies to streamline the process.
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A transparent proxy works with layer 4 switches to redirect certain types of traffic to the proxy automatically.
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There is no need to configure the client machines to use it.
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It is difficult to bypass a transparent proxy when the client is on the institution's network.
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In summary, a forward proxy sits between the client and the internet and acts on behalf of the client.
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Now let's take a look at the reverse proxy.
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A reverse proxy sits between the internet and the web servers.
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It intercepts the requests from the clients and talks to the web server on behalf of the clients.
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Why would a website use a reverse proxy?
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Here are a few good reasons.
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One, a reverse proxy could be used to protect a website.
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The website's IP addresses are hidden behind the reverse proxy and are not revealed to the clients.
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This makes it much harder to target a DDoS attack against a website.
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Second, a reverse proxy is used for load balancing.
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A popular website handling millions of users every day is unlikely to be able to handle the traffic with a single server.
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A reverse proxy can balance a large amount of incoming requests
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by distributing the traffic to a large pool of web servers and effectively preventing any single one of them from becoming overloaded.
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Note that this assumes that the reverse proxy can handle the incoming traffic.
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Services like Kyle Flare put reverse proxy servers in hundreds of locations all around the world.
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This puts the reverse proxy close to the users and at the same time provides a large amount of processing capacity.
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Third, a reverse proxy caches static content.
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A piece of content could be cached on the reverse proxy for a period of time.
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If the same piece of content is requested again from the reverse proxy, the locally cached version could be quickly returned.
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Fourth, a reverse proxy can handle SSL encryption.
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SSL handshake is computationally expensive.
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A reverse proxy can free up the origin servers from those expensive operations.
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Instead of handling SSL for all clients, a website only needs to handle SSL handshake from a small number of reverse proxies.
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Reverse proxies are everywhere.
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For a modern website, it is not uncommon to have many layers of reverse proxies.
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The first layer could be an edge service like Cloudflare.
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The reverse proxies are deployed to hundreds of locations worldwide close to the users.
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The second layer could be an API gateway or load balancer at the hosting provider.
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Many cloud providers combine these two layers into a single ingress service.
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The user would enter the cloud network at the edge close to the user.
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And from the edge, the reverse proxy connects over a fast fiber network to the load balancer, where the request is evenly distributed over a cluster of web servers.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“Proxy vs Reverse Proxy”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：proxy, reverse, client, server, forward。 这段视频共有 58 个句子、786 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 5:06。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 154 个词，接近日常对话。 只有 68% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| proxy 名词 | /ˈpɹɑk.si/ | 代理 |
| server 名词 | /ˈsɝvɚ/ | 服務器 /服务器, 伺服器 |
| layer 名词 | /ˈleɪ̯ɚ/ | 層 /层 |
| connect 动词 | /kəˈnɛkt/ | 連接 /连接 |
| transparent 形容词 | /tɹænsˈpæɹənt/ | 透明 |
| cache 名词 | /kæʃ/ | 緩存 /缓存, 快取 |
| cloud 名词 | /ˈklaʊ̯d/ | йүн, 雲 /云 |
| institution 名词 | /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/ | 制度 |
| distribute 动词 | /dɪˈstɹɪbjuːt/ | 分配 |
| restriction 名词 | /ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/ | 限制 |
| intercept 动词 | /ɪntɚˈsɛpt/ | 阻止 |
| topic 名词 | /ˈtɑpɪk/ | 主題 /主题, 話題 /话题 |
| technique 名词 | /tɛkˈniːk/ | 技術 /技术, 技巧 |
| reveal 动词 | /ɹɪˈviːl/ | 透露, 顯示 /显示 |
| visible 形容词 | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | 看得見 /看得见, 可看見的 /可看见的 |
需要注意的发音
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: cache /kæʃ/, institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, restriction /ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, encryption /ɪnˈkɹɪpʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: institution /ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, computationally /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃənəli/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: reverse /ɹɪˈvɝs/, server /ˈsɝvɚ/, provider /pɹəˈvaɪ.də(ɹ)/, reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: reverse /ɹɪˈvɝs/, connect /kəˈnɛkt/, behalf /bɪˈhæf/, transparent /tɹænsˈpæɹənt/, cache /kæʃ/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: reveal /ɹɪˈviːl/, firewall /ˈfaɪ(ə)ɹˌwɔl/, streamline /ˈstriːmlaɪn/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 proxy, server, layer 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。