跟读练习: Retinal Artery Occlusion vs. Retinal Vein Occlusion - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Medical students hate this question, retinal artery occlusion versus retinal vein occlusion.

The reason that this is so difficult is that both of these processes will present with acute painless monocular vision loss.

And yes, we can kind of nitpick here and maybe say

that retinal vein occlusion tends to be a little bit more painful, or maybe there's some temporal sparing in retinal artery occlusion,

but the test writer knows this and they're not going to give you that.

So in your exam, the way that you're going to get this right is

if you can identify buzzwords and identify the picture when they show you the back of somebody's eye.

So the way that I think you can simplify this is let's break it down and get back to basics.

If you understand pathophysiology, this makes perfect sense.

One of these has artery in the name.

One of these has vein in the name.

Artery brings the blood to something and the vein takes it away.

So if we block the artery, blood cannot get to the retina.

If we block the vein, blood can't get out of the retina.

And if we keep it that stupid and that simple, this all makes perfect sense.

So in other words, a retinal artery occlusion where your artery is blocked, therefore blood can't get to something, that's a supply problem.

A retinal vein occlusion, meaning that the blood cannot drain out of the eye, that's a drainage problem.

So, let's pause for a second, and I've got a really silly picture here at the bottom of the slide.

If blood can't get in, what physical findings would you expect to see?

And if blood can't get out, what physical findings would you expect to see so taking

that one step further in the artery occlusion

you see a pale fundus with a cherry red spot in the vein occlusion you see hemorrhage

and edema now this should make sense to you

when we look at hemorrhage and edema if blood is pooling into the eye

and can't get out through the retinal vein there will be hemorrhage and there will be edema specifically of the optic disc.

And if we think about the pale fundus with the cherry red spot, because this is a supply problem, part of the eye is ischemic.

If you can't get blood to part of the eye, it will appear pale.

And that should make sense to you.

Now, as far as the cherry red spot goes, here's what you want to look for.

You see the black arrow here pointing to the cherry red spot.

And something that is important to understand here is

that you see the reason that the cherry red spot is cherry red at the center,

but then pale around it is because the fovea will stay red.

And the reason that the fovea stays red is that it gets its blood supply from the posterior ciliary arteries.

It does not get its blood supply from the central retinal artery.

So basically anything that is supplied from the central retinal artery will become pale because it's ischemic,

but anything that is supplied from the posterior ciliary arteries will appear well perfused because we don't have the blockage there.

Again, in a retinal artery occlusion, the occlusion is in the retinal artery or the central retinal artery.

And this is why the fovea will be a nice dark red color, but the surrounding tissue will be pale.

Now, let's contrast that to what you see in a retinal vein occlusion.

So in a retinal vein occlusion, you're looking for optic disc edema, so the optic disc would swell, and retinal hemorrhage.

And you can see, I hope you can appreciate the very stark contrast between these two pictures.

One is showing you hemorrhage and some swelling.

The other shows you that cherry red spot with the pale fundus.

And again, if you think about this as artery occlusion equals supply problem, it's ischemic, and vein equals drainage problem,

it's buildup and swelling and hemorrhage, this really should make sense to you.

Now on your exam, they're going to show you one of these pictures, like 90 % of the time.

They want you to be to pick out the cherry red spot, they want you to pick out the hemorrhage, and this is kind of basic.

So you really should commit this to memory.

But if you're looking at causes here,

the retinal artery occlusion typically is due to some type of thromboembolic event.

And the retinal vein occlusion is typically due to a compressive effect of nearby central retinal arteries having atherosclerosis.

So interestingly, in the retinal vein occlusion, it is truly that a nearby artery becomes atherosclerotic, and then that pushes up against the retinal vein,

which prevents the retinal vein from draining properly, hence the hemorrhage, hence the edema.

But in the retinal artery occlusion, the problem is inherent to whatever thromboembolic event takes place that occludes the actual central retinal artery itself.

And that's really important to understand.

So, I've gone through this video, and so far I would say

that I've covered much of what you probably need to know for the purposes of your exam.

Again, you want to be able to identify these pictures and know that the buzzwords pale fundus, cherry red spot equals artery occlusion,

retinal hemorrhage, and optic discodema equals vein occlusion.

But if you need a way to memorize this and pair these together, I always think about artery is red and vein is blue.

That's just how it is in my head, probably from years of studying this way.

So the way that I memorize this is when I think about a pale fundus with a cherry red spot,

pale to me pales like a bucket.

So I think about a bucket or a pale filled with cherries.

And then I associate pale fundus, cherry red spot with red,

you know, everything else by process of elimination would be a retinal vein.

So, this was quick, really to the point, but I want you to understand if you're blocking the artery, blood can't get in.

That's a supply problem.

So, you're looking for ischemic symptoms.

If the vein is occluded, blood can't get out.

That's a drainage problem.

You're looking for hemorrhage and edema type symptoms.

If you can keep that straight, then when you look at these images,

you can kind of guess based on which blood vessel looks more engorged versus which one looks more like a cherry.

So there you go.

Good luck.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“Retinal Artery Occlusion vs. Retinal Vein Occlusion”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：retinal, artery, occlusion, vein, blood。这段视频共有 77 个句子、1105 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 6:33。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 169 个词，接近日常对话。只有 75% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
artery 名词	/ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/	動脈 /动脉
vein 名词	/veɪn/	靜脈 /静脉
cherry 名词	/ˈt͡ʃɛɹi/	櫻桃 /樱桃
pale 形容词	/peɪl/	蒼白 /苍白, 白皙
optic 形容词	/ˈɑp.tɪk/	視覺的 /视觉的
examination 名词	/ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/	檢查 /检查
disk 名词	/dɪsk/	圓盤 /圆盘
drainage 名词	/ˈdɹeɪnəd͡ʒ/	排水
swell 动词	/swɛl/	膨脹 /膨胀, 擴大 /扩大
contrast 名词	/kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/	对比度
hence 副词	/ˈhɛns/	從這裡 /从这里, 從這兒 /从这儿
versus	/ˈvɝsəs/	對 /对
bucket 名词	/ˈbʌkɪt/	水桶, 吊桶
symptom 名词	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	症狀 /症状, 病徵 /病征
associate 名词	/əˈsoʊʃi.ət/	同行, 同事

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	释义
go through 动词	通過 /通过

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	is let · is blocked · is supplied
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	I've gone · I've covered

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 20 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 can't, you're, I've。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, tissue /ˈtɪʃ.(j)u/, elimination /ɪlɪmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/
长单词——注意重音位置: examination /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, elimination /ɪlɪmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/, ciliary /ˈsɪl.iˌɛɹ.i/, posterior /poʊˈstɪɹ.i.ɚ/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: vein /veɪn/, versus /ˈvɝsəs/, vessel /ˈvɛsəl/, fovea /ˈfəʊ.vi.ə/, compressive /kəmˈpɹɛsɪv/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: optic /ˈɑp.tɪk/, disk /dɪsk/, drainage /ˈdɹeɪnəd͡ʒ/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, hence /ˈhɛns/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: temporal /ˈtɛm.pə.ɹəl/, retinal /ˈɹɛt.ən.əl/, ciliary /ˈsɪl.iˌɛɹ.i/, atherosclerosis /ˌæθɚoʊskləˈɹoʊsəs/, monocular /məˈnɑkjələɹ/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 artery, vein, cherry 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: Retinal Artery Occlusion vs. Retinal Vein Occlusion - 通过视频学习英语口语

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