تدريب Shadowing: Phobia, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment. - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

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Today's topic is phobia.
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A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder that is marked by an overwhelming and unbearable fear of an object or situation.
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A person with a phobia may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when they encounter the source of their fear.
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These situations are not normally threatening or frightening, but the affected person goes to a great length to avoid the situation or object.
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If the feared object or situation cannot be avoided, the person experiences significant distress.
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The American Psychiatric Association recognizes three types of phobia, which are specific phobias, is an intense,
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irrational fear of a specific trigger.
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However, it is not unusual to experience a specific phobia with more than one trigger.
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Specific phobias are referred to as simple phobias, as they can be linked to a cause that may not frequently occur in the everyday life of an individual,
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such as snakes, so they are therefore not likely to affect day-to-day living in a significant way.
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Common categories of specific phobias are fear of situations such as airplanes, enclosed spaces, or going to school,
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nature such heights, darkness or thunderstorms,
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animals or insects such as dogs or spiders blood injection
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or injuries such as needles or medical procedure others such as choking vomiting
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or loud noises each specific phobia has its own term by
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which is referred to examples of the terms include Acrophobia for fear of heights, Aviophobia for fear of flying,
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Claustrophobia for fear of enclosed spaces, Arachnophobia for fear of spiders, Nyctophobia for fear of darkness,
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Ophidiophobia for fear of snakes.
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Socialphobia or social anxiety refers to extreme worry about social situations resulting from the fear of being embarrassed in public.
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with social phobia often go out of their way to avoid public situations.
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Agoraphobia refers to a fear of situations from
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which it would be difficult to escape if a person were to experience extreme panic, such as being in a lift or outside of the home.
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Those with chronic health conditions may fear
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that they will have a medical emergency in a public area or where no help is available, so they may avoid public situations and stay inside their home.
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Social phobia and agoraphobia are known as complex phobias, as their triggers are not difficult to recognize
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and may affect day-to-day living of an individual as well as their well-being causes genetic
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and environmental factors can cause phobias social and specific phobias sometimes may be hereditary
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some people are born with a predisposition towards anxiety making them susceptible to developing phobias.
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Distressing events, pressure, or traumatic event related to a specific object or situation may lead to phobias.
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An experience of nearly drowning or an unpleasant experience in a confined space can bring on phobia.
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Changes in the brain functioning may also play a role.
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Symptoms.
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A person with phobia will experience the following symptom.
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An immediate feeling of intense fear, anxiety, and panic when exposed to or having thoughts related to the source of fear.
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A feeling that the source of fear must be avoided at all cost.
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Awareness that the fear is irrational, exaggerated, and unreasonable, combined with an inability to control the feelings.
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Difficulty functioning normally when exposed to the trigger.
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An exposure to the object of phobia brings on panic and intense anxiety, which may also trigger some physical sensations,
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such as profuse sweating,
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abnormal breathing rapid heartbeat trembling dry mouth a headache dizziness nausea elevated blood pressure a choking sensation upset stomach
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inability to speak diagnosis and treatment diagnosis is based on a clinical interview and diagnostic guidelines.
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The doctor will ask questions about symptoms and take a medical, psychiatric, and social history.
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The doctor may also use diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
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or DSM-5, published by the American Psychiatric Association.
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Treatment Treatment for phobias can involve therapeutic techniques, medications, or a combination of both.
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The most commonly used therapeutic treatment for phobia is cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT.
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New CBT technique uses virtual reality technology to expose people to
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the sources of their phobia in order to be able to confront it.
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Medications such as antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications.
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المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة بمستوى C1 مبني على الفيديو “Phobia, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: phobia, fear, situation, specific, experience. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 50 جملة و710 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 5:23. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة ثابتة، نحو 132 كلمة في الدقيقة، وهي سرعة مريحة للترديد. 73% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

أصعب 15 كلمة في الفيديو، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمةالنطقالمعنى
phobia اسم/ˈfoʊ.bi.ə/رُهَاب, فُوبِيَا
symptom اسم/ˈsɪm(p)təm/عَرَض, عَلَامَة
agoraphobia اسم/ˌæɡ.ɚ.əˈfoʊ.bi.ə/رَهَاب الخَلَاء
choke فعل/t͡ʃoʊk/اِخْتَنَقَ
sensation اسم/sɛnˈseɪʃən/حَاسَّة, حِسّ
distress اسم/dɪˈstɹɛs/مِحْنَة
antidepressant اسممُضَادَّة اِكْتِئَاب
criterion اسم/kɹaɪˈtɪɹ.i.ən/مِعْيَار
dizziness اسمدُوَار
elevate فعل/ˈɛləveɪt/رفع
exaggerate فعل/ɛɡˈzæd͡ʒ.ə.ɹeɪt/بَالَغَ
frighten فعل/ˈfɹaɪ.tən/خَشَّى, أَفْزَعَ
guideline اسم/ˈɡaɪdˌlaɪn/تَوْجِيهَات
overwhelm فعل/ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɛlm/اِسْتَبَدَّ
thunderstorm اسم/ˈθʌn.dɚˌstɔɹm/عَاصِفَة رَعْدِيَّة

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

  • أصوات “th”: therapeutic /ˌθɛɹ.əˈpjuː.tɪk/, thunderstorm /ˈθʌn.dɚˌstɔɹm/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
  • أصوات “sh” و“zh”: irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, sensation /sɛnˈseɪʃən/, predisposition /ˌpridɪspəˈzɪʃən/, injection /ɪnˈd͡ʒɛk.ʃən/
  • الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: diagnostic /ˌdaɪ.əɡˈnɑ.stɪk/, psychiatric /ˌsaɪ.kiˈæt.ɹɪk/, agoraphobia /ˌæɡ.ɚ.əˈfoʊ.bi.ə/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, therapeutic /ˌθɛɹ.əˈpjuː.tɪk/

أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:

  • /p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: symptom /ˈsɪm(p)təm/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, therapeutic /ˌθɛɹ.əˈpjuː.tɪk/, predisposition /ˌpridɪspəˈzɪʃən/, profuse /pɹəˈfjuːs/
  • /v/ — ليس /f/: مع اهتزاز الأوتار الصوتية: elevate /ˈɛləveɪt/, overwhelm /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwɛlm/, vomit /ˈvɑmɪt/, behavioral /bɪˈheɪvjəɹəl/
  • تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: symptom /ˈsɪm(p)təm/, expose /ɪkˈspoʊz/, enclose /ɪnˈkloʊz/, distress /dɪˈstɹɛs/, claustrophobia /ˌklɔː.strəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

  1. استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
  2. ردّد جملة جملة بالسرعة العادية، وكرّر كل جملة حتى يتطابق إيقاعك مع المتحدث.
  3. سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل phobia, symptom, agoraphobia.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

تقنية الشادوينغ: اقرأ الدليل الكامل خطوة بخطوة →